Spence Austin Reid, Hopkins Gareth Rowland, Neuman-Lee Lorin Anne, Smith Geoffrey David Stuart, Brodie Edmund Darrell, French Susannah Smith
Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol. 2016 Aug;325(7):415-24. doi: 10.1002/jez.2026. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
While the use of nanoparticles has dramatically increased in recent years, the ecological consequences are not well known. In particular, little research has been done to investigate the potentially detrimental effects of nanoparticles on amphibians, especially across all life-history stages of salamanders and newts (caudates). To address this dearth in knowledge, we examined the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on egg, larval, and adult Rough-skinned Newts (Taricha granulosa). Chronic toxicity was tested on eggs and larvae, and acute toxicity was tested on eggs, larvae, and adults. For eggs, chronic exposure to ZnO nanoparticles caused higher mortality at 10.0 and 100.0 mg L(-1) compared to 0.0, 0.1, and 1.0 mg L(-1) . When given an acute exposure (24 hr) to 10.0 mg L(-1) nanoparticles at a late developmental stage, larvae hatched 5 days early, at a decreased developmental stage, and smaller size compared to the control. Chronic and acute exposure of larvae increased mortality up to 75% at both 10.0 and 100.0 mg L(-1) and exhibited sublethal effects, most dramatically, severe gill degradation. These results suggest nanoparticles can have lethal and sublethal effects on all life stages of amphibians.
近年来，纳米颗粒的使用急剧增加，但其生态后果尚不为人所知。特别是，针对纳米颗粒对两栖动物潜在有害影响的研究很少，尤其是针对蝾螈和水螈（有尾目）的所有生命史阶段。为了解决这一知识空白，我们研究了氧化锌（ZnO）纳米颗粒对粗皮渍螈（Taricha granulosa）的卵、幼体和成体的影响。对卵和幼体进行了慢性毒性测试，对卵、幼体和成体进行了急性毒性测试。对于卵，与0.0、0.1和1.0 mg L(-1)相比，长期暴露于10.0和100.0 mg L(-1)的ZnO纳米颗粒会导致更高的死亡率。在发育后期对幼体进行10.0 mg L(-1)纳米颗粒的急性暴露（24小时）时，与对照组相比，幼体提前5天孵化，发育阶段降低，体型更小。幼体的慢性和急性暴露在10.0和100.0 mg L(-1)时死亡率均高达75%，并表现出亚致死效应，最显著的是严重的鳃退化。这些结果表明，纳米颗粒会对两栖动物的所有生命阶段产生致死和亚致死效应。
