Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellowship Participant at US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA.
US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Nov 15;571:67-76. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.116. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
Land use and its change have great influences on water quality. However, their impacts on microbial contamination of beach water have rarely been investigated and their relationship with beach actions (e.g., advisories or closure) is still unknown. Here, we analyzed beach closure data obtained from 2004 to 2013 for >500 beaches in the United States, and examined their associations with land use around beaches in 2006 and 2011, as well as the land use change between 2006 and 2011. The results show that the number of beach closures due to elevated indicators of health risk is negatively associated with the percentages of forest, barren land, grassland and wetland, while positively associated with the percentages of urban area. The results from multi-level models also indicate the negative association with forest area but positive association with urban area and agriculture. The examination of the change of land use and the number of beach closures between 2006 and 2011 indicates that the increase in the number of beach closures is positively associated with the increase in urban (β=1.612, p<0.05) and agricultural area including pasture (β=0.098, p<0.05), but negatively associated with the increase in forest area (β=-1.789, p<0.05). The study suggests that urbanization and agriculture development near beaches have adverse effects on beach microbial water quality, while afforestation may protect beach water quality and reduce the number of beach closures.
土地利用及其变化对水质有很大影响。然而，它们对海滩水微生物污染的影响很少被研究，它们与海滩行动（例如，建议或关闭）的关系仍然未知。在这里，我们分析了 2004 年至 2013 年美国 500 多个海滩获得的海滩关闭数据，并检查了它们与 2006 年和 2011 年海滩周围土地利用的关系，以及 2006 年至 2011 年之间的土地利用变化。结果表明，由于健康风险指标升高而导致的海滩关闭数量与森林、荒地、草地和湿地的百分比呈负相关，而与城市地区的百分比呈正相关。多层次模型的结果也表明，与森林面积呈负相关，而与城市地区和农业呈正相关。对 2006 年至 2011 年期间土地利用和海滩关闭数量的变化的检验表明，海滩关闭数量的增加与城市（β=1.612，p<0.05）和包括牧场在内的农业面积（β=0.098，p<0.05）的增加呈正相关，但与森林面积的增加呈负相关（β=-1.789，p<0.05）。研究表明，海滩附近的城市化和农业发展对海滩微生物水质有不利影响，而造林可能保护海滩水质并减少海滩关闭的数量。
