Le Bars Solène, Hsu Yi-Fang, Waszak Florian
Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; CNRS (Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242), 75006 Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; CNRS (Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242), 75006 Paris, France; Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, National Taiwan Normal University, 10610 Taipei, Taiwan.
Cognition. 2016 Nov;156:6-15. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.07.005. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
According to the ideomotor theory, actions are represented in terms of their sensory effects. In the current study we tested whether subliminal effect images influence action control (1) at early and/or late preparatory stages of (2) voluntary actions or stimulus-driven actions (3) with or without Stimulus-Response (S-R) compatibility. In Experiment 1, participants were presented at random with 50% of S-R compatible stimulus-driven action trials and 50% of voluntary action trials. The actions' effects (i.e. up- or down-pointing arrows) were presented subliminally before each action (i.e. a keypress). In voluntary actions, participants selected more often the action congruent with the prime when it was presented at long intervals before the action. Moreover they responded faster in prime-congruent than in prime-incongruent trials when primes were presented at short intervals before the action. In Experiment 2, participants were only presented with stimulus-driven action trials, with or without S-R compatibility. In stimulus-driven action trials with S-R compatibility (e.g., left-pointing arrow signaling a left keypress), subliminal action-effects did not generate any significant effect on RTs or error rates. On the other hand, in stimulus-driven action trials without S-R compatibility (e.g., letter "H" signaling a left keypress), participants were significantly faster in prime-congruent trials when primes were presented at the shortest time interval before the action. These results suggest that subliminal effect images facilitate voluntary action preparation on an early and a late level. Stimulus-driven action preparation is influenced on a late level only, and only if there is no compatibility between the stimulus and the motor response, that is when the response is not automatically triggered by the common properties existing between the stimulus and the required action.
根据观念运动理论，动作是根据其感觉效应来表征的。在本研究中，我们测试了阈下效应图像是否会在（1）自愿动作或刺激驱动动作的（2）早期和/或晚期准备阶段，以及（3）有无刺激-反应（S-R）相容性的情况下影响动作控制。在实验1中，随机向参与者呈现50%的S-R相容刺激驱动动作试验和50%的自愿动作试验。在每次动作（即按键）之前，阈下呈现动作的效应（即向上或向下的箭头）。在自愿动作中，当启动刺激在动作前较长时间间隔呈现时，参与者更频繁地选择与启动刺激一致的动作。此外，当启动刺激在动作前较短时间间隔呈现时，他们在启动刺激一致的试验中比在启动刺激不一致的试验中反应更快。在实验2中，仅向参与者呈现刺激驱动动作试验，有或没有S-R相容性。在具有S-R相容性的刺激驱动动作试验中（例如，向左的箭头表示向左按键），阈下动作效应对反应时间或错误率没有产生任何显著影响。另一方面，在没有S-R相容性的刺激驱动动作试验中（例如，字母“H”表示向左按键），当启动刺激在动作前以最短时间间隔呈现时，参与者在启动刺激一致的试验中明显更快。这些结果表明，阈下效应图像在早期和晚期水平上促进了自愿动作准备。刺激驱动的动作准备仅在晚期水平上受到影响，并且只有当刺激与运动反应之间不存在相容性时才会受到影响，即当反应不是由刺激与所需动作之间存在的共同属性自动触发时。
