The Rockefeller University
Bowdoin College.
Perspect Psychol Sci. 2016 Jul;11(4):451-5. doi: 10.1177/1745691616646635.
To be useful, the concept of stress needs to be defined in biological terms linked to a broader framework of allostasis and its role in the adaptation of brain and body to positive and negative life experiences. A clear biological framework helps connect and organize animal and human research on stress. In particular, the concepts of "toxic stress" and "allostatic load and overload" highlight those experiences and situations that, as Kagan says, "compromise an organism's health and capacity to cope with daily challenges" (p. 442). A deeper understanding is needed of the epigenetic influences throughout the life course that contribute both to these negative outcomes and to positive ones.
为了具有实际意义，需要从与适应大脑和身体积极与消极生活体验的更广泛的适应能力框架相关的生物学角度来定义压力这一概念。一个清晰的生物学框架有助于将动物和人类的压力研究联系和组织起来。具体而言，“毒性压力”和“适应负荷和过载”的概念突出了那些正如卡根所言的“损害生物体健康和应对日常挑战的能力”的经历和情况（第 442 页）。需要更深入地了解贯穿整个生命过程的表观遗传影响，这些影响既会导致负面结果，也会导致正面结果。
