Papilloedema and the optic disc.

The anatomy and blood supply of the optic nerve head are reviewed along with the variations in normal appearance and the aetiology of so-called pseudo-papilloedema. The clinical features and causes of papilloedema due to increased intra-cranial pressure are discussed along with optic disc oedema from other causes. The conditions of optic neuritis, neuropathy and the ischaemic optic neuropathies are also evaluated.