Cardiometabolic Risks in Schizophrenia and Directions for Intervention, 2: Nonpharmacological Interventions.

Patients with schizophrenia have increased prevalence rates for many cardiometabolic risks, including the metabolic syndrome, and an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events, including mortality. Behavioral interventions such as diet and exercise (separately and together) improve physical health outcomes in the general population. There are no studies on dietary guidance as a sole behavioral intervention for patients with schizophrenia. A meta-analysis found that exercise as a sole behavioral intervention does not result in meaningful physical or mental health gains in patients with major mental illness. Another meta-analysis found that combined diet and exercise, along with other behavioral elements, was associated with statistically significant but modest weight reduction (mean = 3.14 kg) in the short to intermediate term, but with no other cardiometabolic risk factor benefits. A large, well-supervised, pragmatic, 1-year randomized controlled trial found that behavioral interventions were not associated with health gains on a 10-year cardiovascular risk index, or on a large range of indices of physical and mental health. An added concern is that patients with schizophrenia are poorly motivated for behavioral interventions and show poor participation in such interventions. Barriers, and means of overcoming these barriers, have been identified for the implementation of behavioral programs to improve physical health in patients with serious mental illness. It remains to be demonstrated, however, that behavioral intervention programs consistently improve cardiovascular health indices in patients with schizophrenia and other major mental illnesses.