Program in Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
Nat Commun. 2016 Sep 6;7:12717. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12717.
Reforestation is a critical means of addressing the environmental and social problems of deforestation. China's Grain-for-Green Program (GFGP) is the world's largest reforestation scheme. Here we provide the first nationwide assessment of the tree composition of GFGP forests and the first combined ecological and economic study aimed at understanding GFGP's biodiversity implications. Across China, GFGP forests are overwhelmingly monocultures or compositionally simple mixed forests. Focusing on birds and bees in Sichuan Province, we find that GFGP reforestation results in modest gains (via mixed forest) and losses (via monocultures) of bird diversity, along with major losses of bee diversity. Moreover, all current modes of GFGP reforestation fall short of restoring biodiversity to levels approximating native forests. However, even within existing modes of reforestation, GFGP can achieve greater biodiversity gains by promoting mixed forests over monocultures; doing so is unlikely to entail major opportunity costs or pose unforeseen economic risks to households.
植树造林是解决森林砍伐所带来的环境和社会问题的关键手段。中国的退耕还林工程（GFGP）是世界上最大的造林计划。在这里，我们首次对 GFGP 森林的树种组成进行了全国性评估，并首次进行了结合生态和经济的综合研究，旨在了解 GFGP 对生物多样性的影响。在中国，GFGP 森林绝大多数是单一树种或组成简单的混交林。我们以四川省的鸟类和蜜蜂为例，发现 GFGP 造林导致鸟类多样性略有增加（通过混交林）和减少（通过单一树种），同时蜜蜂多样性也大幅减少。此外，目前所有的 GFGP 造林模式都未能将生物多样性恢复到接近原生林的水平。然而，即使在现有的造林模式下，通过促进混交林而不是单一树种，GFGP 也可以实现更大的生物多样性收益；这样做不太可能带来重大的机会成本，也不会给农户带来不可预见的经济风险。
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