Combining treatment of anticancer cells and antiangiogenesis is considered to be a potential targeted strategy for brain glioblastoma therapy. In this study, by utilizing the overexpression of Interleukin 13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) on the glioma cells and heparan sulfate on neovascular endothelial cells, we developed a paclitaxel (PTX) loaded Pep-1 and CGKRK peptide-modified PEG-PLGA nanoparticle (PC-NP-PTX) for glioma cells and neovasculature dual-targeted chemotherapy to enhance the antiglioma efficacy. There were significant differences both on the enhancement of cellular uptake in HUVEC and C6 cells and on the improvement of in vitro antiglioma activity in the respect of proliferation, tumor spheroid growth, tube formation, and migration between PC-NP-PTX and Taxol and NP-PTX. As for C6 cells, the IC were 3.59 ± 0.056, 2.37 ± 0.044, 1.38 ± 0.028, 1.82 ± 0.035, and 1.00 ± 0.016 μg/mL of Taxol, NP-PTX, Pep-NP-PTX, CGKRK-NP-PTX, and PC-NP-PTX, and for HUVEC cells, the IC were 0.44 ± 0.006, 0.33 ± 0.005, 0.25 ± 0.005, 0.19 ± 0.004, and 0.16 ± 0.004 μg/mL of Taxol, NP-PTX, Pep-NP-PTX, CGKRK-NP-PTX, and PC-NP-PTX, respectively. In vivo distribution assays confirmed that PC-NP-PTX targeted and accumulated effectively at glioma site. PC-NP-PTX showed a longer median survival time of 61 days when compared with Taxol (22 days), NP-PTX (24 days), Pep-NP-PTX (32 days), and CGKRK-NP-PTX (34 days). The in vivo antiglioma efficacy and safety evaluation showed PC-NP-PTX significantly enhanced the antiglioma efficacy and displayed negligible acute toxicity.