a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.
Nanotoxicology. 2016 Dec;10(10):1515-1525. doi: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1238113. Epub 2016 Oct 11.
Titanium dioxide white pigment consists of particles of various sizes, from which a fraction is in the nano range (<100 nm). It is applied in food as additive E 171 as well as in other products, such as food supplements and toothpaste. Here, we assessed whether a human health risk can be expected from oral ingestion of these titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs), based on currently available information. Human health risks were assessed using two different approaches: Approach 1, based on intake, i.e. external doses, and Approach 2, based on internal organ concentrations using a kinetic model in order to account for accumulation over time (the preferred approach). Results showed that with Approach 1, a human health risk is not expected for effects in liver and spleen, but a human health risk cannot be excluded for effects on the ovaries. When based on organ concentrations by including the toxicokinetics of TiO NPs (Approach 2), a potential risk for liver, ovaries and testes is found. This difference between the two approaches shows the importance of including toxicokinetic information. The currently estimated risk can be influenced by factors such as absorption, form of TiO, particle fraction, particle size and physico-chemical properties in relation to toxicity, among others. Analysis of actual particle concentrations in human organs, as well as organ concentrations and effects in liver and the reproductive system after chronic exposure to well-characterized TiO (NPs) in animals are recommended to refine this assessment.
二氧化钛白色颜料由各种大小的颗粒组成，其中一部分处于纳米范围内（<100nm）。它作为添加剂 E171 应用于食品以及其他产品，如食品补充剂和牙膏。在这里，我们根据现有信息评估了通过口服摄入这些二氧化钛纳米颗粒（TiO NPs）是否会对人体健康造成风险。通过两种不同的方法评估人类健康风险：方法 1 基于摄入量，即外部剂量，方法 2 基于使用动力学模型的内部器官浓度，以随时间累积（首选方法）。结果表明，对于肝脏和脾脏的影响，根据方法 1 ，预计不会对人体健康造成风险，但对于卵巢的影响，不能排除人体健康风险。当包括 TiO NPs 的毒代动力学时（方法 2 ），根据器官浓度，发现肝脏、卵巢和睾丸存在潜在风险。这两种方法之间的差异表明了包括毒代动力学信息的重要性。目前估计的风险可能会受到吸收、TiO 的形式、颗粒分数、粒径以及与毒性相关的物理化学性质等因素的影响。建议分析人体器官中的实际颗粒浓度，以及在动物中经长期接触具有良好特征的 TiO（NPs）后肝脏和生殖系统的器官浓度和影响，以完善这一评估。
