Toyoda Hiroyuki, Kubo Tatsuhiko, Mori Koji
Occupational Health Training Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health.
Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2016 Dec 3;58(6):260-270. doi: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.16-006-E. Epub 2016 Oct 12.
To study the occupational safety and health systems used for emergency response workers in the USA, we performed interviews with related federal agencies and conducted research on related studies.
We visited the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA and performed interviews with their managers on the agencies' roles in the national emergency response system. We also obtained information prepared for our visit from the USA's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). In addition, we conducted research on related studies and information on the website of the agencies.
We found that the USA had an established emergency response system based on their National Incident Management System (NIMS). This enabled several organizations to respond to emergencies cooperatively using a National Response Framework (NRF) that clarifies the roles and cooperative functions of each federal agency. The core system in NIMS was the Incident Command System (ICS), within which a Safety Officer was positioned as one of the command staff supporting the commander. All ICS staff were required to complete a training program specific to their position; in addition, the Safety Officer was required to have experience. The All-Hazards model was commonly used in the emergency response system. We found that FEMA coordinated support functions, and OSHA and NIOSH, which had specific functions to protect workers, worked cooperatively under NRF. These agencies employed certified industrial hygienists that play a professional role in safety and health. NIOSH recently executed support activities during disasters and other emergencies.
The USA's emergency response system is characterized by functions that protect the lives and health of emergency response workers. Trained and experienced human resources support system effectiveness. The findings provided valuable information that could be used to improve the occupational safety and health function in the Japanese system.
为研究美国应急响应人员所使用的职业安全与健康系统，我们对相关联邦机构进行了访谈，并对相关研究展开了调查。
我们走访了美国联邦紧急事务管理局（FEMA）和国家职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH），就这些机构在国家应急响应系统中的作用与其管理人员进行了访谈。我们还从美国职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）获取了为此次走访准备的信息。此外，我们对各机构网站上的相关研究和信息进行了调查。
我们发现，美国基于其国家 incident 管理系统（NIMS）建立了完善的应急响应系统。这使得多个组织能够使用国家响应框架（NRF）协同应对紧急情况，该框架明确了每个联邦机构的作用和协同职能。NIMS 的核心系统是 incident 指挥系统（ICS），其中安全官作为支持指挥官的指挥人员之一。所有 ICS 工作人员都必须完成针对其岗位的培训课程；此外，安全官还须具备相关经验。全灾害模型在应急响应系统中普遍使用。我们发现，FEMA 协调支持职能，而具有保护工人特定职能的 OSHA 和 NIOSH 在 NRF 下协同工作。这些机构聘用了在安全与健康方面发挥专业作用的注册工业卫生学家。NIOSH 最近在灾害及其他紧急情况期间开展了支持活动。
美国的应急响应系统以保护应急响应人员的生命和健康为特点。训练有素且经验丰富的人力资源保障了系统的有效性。这些研究结果提供了宝贵信息，可用于改进日本系统中的职业安全与健康职能。
