Kahn Kimberly Barsamian, Steele Joel S, McMahon Jean M, Stewart Greg
Department of Psychology.
Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice.
Law Hum Behav. 2017 Apr;41(2):117-126. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000218. Epub 2016 Oct 20.
Although studies often find racial disparities in policing outcomes, less is known about how suspect race biases police interactions as they unfold. This study examines what is differentially occurring during police-suspect interactions for White, Black, and Latino suspects across time. It is hypothesized that racial bias may be more evident earlier in interactions, when less information about the situation is available. One hundred thirty-nine (62 White, 42 Black, and 35 Latino) use-of-force case files and associated written narratives from a medium to large size urban police department in the United States were analyzed. Trained coders broke down the interaction narratives into discrete "sequences," or dyadic action-reaction steps involving a suspect action (level of resistance) and an officer response (level of force). A linear mixed-effects model was run on amount of police use of force by suspect race and time, with suspect resistance and suspect actions toward third-party/self as controls. Results demonstrated that Black and Latino suspects receive more force in the beginning stages of the interaction, whereas Whites escalated in level of force faster after initial levels. By breaking down police-suspect interactions into discrete sequences, the current study reveals a better understanding of when bias originates in police use of force and informs how to focus policing interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record
尽管研究经常发现治安结果存在种族差异，但对于嫌疑人种族如何在警察互动过程中影响警察行为，人们了解得较少。本研究考察了白人、黑人和拉丁裔嫌疑人在警察与嫌疑人互动过程中随时间推移有何不同。研究假设，当关于情况的信息较少时，种族偏见在互动早期可能更明显。分析了来自美国一个中型到大型城市警察局的139份（62名白人、42名黑人、35名拉丁裔）使用武力案件档案及相关书面叙述。经过培训的编码人员将互动叙述分解为离散的“序列”，即涉及嫌疑人行动（抵抗程度）和警察反应（武力程度）的二元行动-反应步骤。以嫌疑人抵抗和嫌疑人对第三方/自身的行动为控制变量，对按嫌疑人种族和时间划分的警察使用武力量进行线性混合效应模型分析。结果表明，黑人和拉丁裔嫌疑人在互动开始阶段受到更多武力对待，而白人在初始武力水平之后武力升级更快。通过将警察与嫌疑人互动分解为离散序列，本研究揭示了对警察使用武力中偏见何时产生的更好理解，并为如何聚焦治安干预提供了信息。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》 ）
