Challenges and opportunities in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a distinct clinical entity characterized by an onset after 48 hours of the application of mechanical ventilation (MV). Protocols exist to aid in the prevention of VAP, but this infection carries a devastating impact on patient morbidity and potentially mortality. Areas covered: In this review we present key concepts from existing guidelines to aid clinicians. Challenges remain in defining this disease and, most importantly appropriate empiric antimicrobial treatment is the main determinant of outcome. We highlight that the selection of initial antibiotics is critical, as VAP can by caused by a broad array of drug resistant organisms (DROs), the appropriate duration of treatment for VAP is an evolving concept, but may, in part, be guided by biomarkers, and provide focus on diagnostic challenges, initial therapies and treatment strategies for VAP. Both traditional and novel antimicrobials are presented, including developments in the modes of delivery. Expert commentary: The clinical approach to VAP continues to evolve. Recent evidence regarding the changes in microbiology, diagnostics approaches, and treatment strategies for VAP are important for clinicians to remain informed of to provide optimal patient care.