Stern Daniel, Richter Martin, Schrick Livia, Lasch Peter, Keeren Kathrin, Polleichtner Angela, Lemmer Karin, Nitsche Andreas, Grunow Roland, Herzog Christian, Dorner Brigitte G, Schaade Lars
Zentrum für Biologische Gefahren und Spezielle Pathogene (ZBS), Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2016 Dec;59(12):1577-1586. doi: 10.1007/s00103-016-2463-z.
In Europe, besides the threat of terrorist attacks involving conventional methods such as explosive devices and automatic weapons, there is also a potential threat of terrorist groups using non-conventional material like biological agents in the scope of future attacks. Consequently, rapid and reliable detection systems for biological agents are being developed and tested continuously to inform crisis management. For environmental detection, a broad spectrum of different laboratory-based techniques has been developed for relevant biological agents. However for environmental samples, fast and reliable on-site detection methods are desired by first responders for rapid assessment.Based on different functional principles, generic, immunological and nucleic-acid-based on-site detection methods can be distinguished. Those should be facile, fast, sensitive, and specific. However, commercially available kits usually have limited sensitivity and often have not been validated independently. Furthermore in this context, the multitude of relevant biological agents that potentially have to be considered present in complex environmental matrices poses a serious challenge for reliable detection. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the specific scope of applications and the limitations of different analytical systems is necessary to evaluate the results obtained purposefully.The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the analytical principles, benefits and limitations of prevailing on-site environmental detection systems for bioterrorism-relevant viruses, bacteria and toxins. Despite promising developments the informative value of currently available on-site tests is still limited. Thus, expert laboratories have to conduct confirmatory testing.
在欧洲，除了涉及爆炸装置和自动武器等常规手段的恐怖袭击威胁外，未来恐怖组织在袭击中使用生物制剂等非常规材料的潜在威胁也存在。因此，生物制剂快速可靠的检测系统正在不断开发和测试，以为危机管理提供信息。对于环境检测，已经针对相关生物制剂开发了一系列基于实验室的不同技术。然而，对于环境样本，应急人员需要快速可靠的现场检测方法以便进行快速评估。基于不同的功能原理，可以区分通用型、免疫型和基于核酸的现场检测方法。这些方法应简便、快速、灵敏且特异。然而，市售试剂盒通常灵敏度有限，且往往未经过独立验证。此外，在这种情况下，复杂环境基质中可能存在的大量相关生物制剂给可靠检测带来了严峻挑战。因此，有必要详细了解不同分析系统的具体应用范围和局限性，以便有目的地评估所得结果。本文旨在概述用于检测与生物恐怖主义相关的病毒、细菌和毒素的现行现场环境检测系统的分析原理、优点和局限性。尽管有令人鼓舞的进展，但目前可用的现场检测的信息价值仍然有限。因此，必须由专业实验室进行确证检测。
