Ruggiero Gennaro, Frassinetti Francesca, Coello Yann, Rapuano Mariachiara, di Cola Armando Schiano, Iachini Tina
Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Psychol Res. 2017 Nov;81(6):1232-1240. doi: 10.1007/s00426-016-0806-x. Epub 2016 Oct 26.
Identifying individuals' intent through the emotional valence conveyed by their facial expression influences our capacity to approach-avoid these individuals during social interactions. Here, we explore if and how the emotional valence of others' facial expressiveness modulates peripersonal-action and interpersonal-social spaces. Through Immersive Virtual Reality, participants determined reachability-distance (for peripersonal space) and comfort-distance (for interpersonal space) from male/female virtual confederates exhibiting happy, angry and neutral facial expressions while being approached by (passive-approach) or walking toward (active-approach) them. Results showed an increase of distance when seeing angry rather than happy confederates in both approach conditions of comfort-distance. The effect also appeared in reachability-distance, but only in the passive-approach. Anger prompts avoidant behaviors, and thus an expansion of distance, particularly with a potential violation of near body space by an intruder. Overall, the findings suggest that peripersonal-action space, in comparison with interpersonal-social space, is similarly sensitive to the emotional valence of stimuli. We propose that this similarity could reflect a common adaptive mechanism shared by these spaces, presumably at different degrees, for ensuring self-protection functions.
通过面部表情所传达的情绪效价来识别个体意图,会影响我们在社交互动中接近或回避这些个体的能力。在此,我们探究他人面部表情的情绪效价是否以及如何调节个人空间行为和人际社交空间。通过沉浸式虚拟现实技术,参与者在被男性/女性虚拟同伴接近(被动接近)或走向(主动接近)时,确定与表现出高兴、愤怒和中性面部表情的虚拟同伴之间的可及距离(针对个人空间)和舒适距离(针对人际空间)。结果显示,在舒适距离的两种接近条件下,看到愤怒的同伴而非高兴的同伴时,距离会增加。这种效应在可及距离中也出现了,但仅在被动接近时出现。愤怒会引发回避行为,从而导致距离扩大,尤其是当有入侵者可能侵犯身体附近空间时。总体而言,研究结果表明,与人际社交空间相比,个人空间行为对刺激的情绪效价同样敏感。我们认为这种相似性可能反映了这些空间共享的一种共同适应机制,大概程度不同,以确保自我保护功能。