Rulseh Allison, Edens John F, Cox Jennifer
a Department of Psychology , Texas A&M University.
b Department of Psychology , The University of Alabama.
J Pers Assess. 2017 Sep-Oct;99(5):453-464. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2016.1238830. Epub 2016 Nov 3.
The triarchic model of psychopathy proposes that this personality disorder is composed of 3 relatively distinct constructs: meanness, disinhibition, and boldness. Although the first 2 components are widely accepted, boldness has generated considerable theoretical debate concerning its relevance-largely due to its association with various ostensibly adaptive characteristics and socially desirable behaviors (e.g., self-reported heroism). But is being bold actually perceived by others as an intrinsically adaptive, socially desirable personality trait? We investigated this question using a novel approach-a jury simulation study that manipulated the level of triarchic traits exhibited by a white-collar criminal. More specifically, 330 community members read a vignette in which the defendant's degree of boldness and disinhibition was manipulated and then provided sentence recommendations and other evaluative ratings. As hypothesized, manipulating boldness and disinhibition resulted in more negative views of the defendant, with the boldness manipulation more consistently predicting higher global psychopathy, "meanness," and "evil" ratings. Surprisingly, neither manipulation predicted sentence recommendations, although higher global psychopathy ratings did correlate with more punitive sentence recommendations. The presence of personality traits construed in some contexts as advantageous or socially desirable can be perceived as more dysfunctional and undesirable in other contexts-particularly when they cooccur with criminal behavior.
精神病态的三元模型提出，这种人格障碍由三个相对不同的要素组成：冷酷、放纵和大胆。尽管前两个要素已被广泛接受，但大胆因其相关性引发了大量理论争论——主要是由于它与各种表面上适应性的特征和社会期望行为（如自我报告的英雄主义）相关联。但大胆实际上是否被他人视为一种本质上适应性强、符合社会期望的人格特质呢？我们采用一种新颖的方法——陪审团模拟研究来探究这个问题，该研究操纵了一名白领罪犯所展现的三元特质水平。更具体地说，330名社区成员阅读了一个小插曲，其中被告的大胆程度和放纵程度被操纵，然后他们给出量刑建议和其他评价评分。正如所假设的那样，操纵大胆程度和放纵程度会导致对被告的负面看法更多，大胆程度的操纵更一致地预测更高的总体精神病态、“冷酷”和“邪恶”评分。令人惊讶的是，两种操纵都没有预测量刑建议，尽管更高的总体精神病态评分确实与更严厉的量刑建议相关。在某些情境中被视为有利或符合社会期望的人格特质，在其他情境中可能被视为更具功能障碍和不合意——尤其是当它们与犯罪行为同时出现时。
