Kotrbová Jana, Opatova Vera, Gardini Giulio, Šťáhlavský František
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Praha, Czech Republic.
c/o DISTAV, Università degli Studi, Genova, corso Europa 26, I-16132 Genova, Italy.
Comp Cytogenet. 2016 Aug 31;10(3):325-345. doi: 10.3897/CompCytogen.v10i3.8906. eCollection 2016.
Pseudoscorpions are found in almost all terrestrial habitats. However, their uniform appearance presents a challenge for morphology-based taxonomy, which may underestimate the diversity of this order. We performed cytogenetic analyses on 11 pseudoscorpion species of the genus C. L. Koch, 1843 from the Alps, including three subgenera: Chthonius (Chthonius) C. L. Koch, 1843, Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) Beier, 1930 and Chthonius (Globochthonius) Beier, 1931 inhabiting this region. The results show that the male diploid number of chromosomes ranges from 21-35. The sex chromosome system X0 has been detected in all male specimens. The X sex chromosome is always metacentric and represents the largest chromosome in the nucleus. Achiasmatic meiosis, already known from the family Chthoniidae, was further confirmed in males of . C-banding corroborated the localization of constitutive heterochromatin in the centromere region, which corresponds to heteropycnotic knobs on the standard chromosome preparations. Morphological types and size differentiation of chromosomes in the karyotype suggest that the main chromosomal rearrangements in the evolution of are centric or tandem fusions resulting in a decrease in the number of chromosomes. Pericentric inversions, inducing the change of acrocentric chromosomes into biarmed chromosomes, could also be expected. Variability in chromosome morphology and number was detected in several species: Chthonius (Chthonius) ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804), Chthonius (Chthonius) raridentatus, Chthonius (Chthonius) rhodochelatus Hadži, 1930, and Chthonius (Chthonius) tenuis L. Koch, 1873. We discuss the intraspecific variability within these species and the potential existence of cryptic species.
伪蝎几乎存在于所有陆地栖息地。然而，它们外观一致，这给基于形态学的分类学带来了挑战，可能会低估该目物种的多样性。我们对采自阿尔卑斯山的1843年科赫属（C. L. Koch）的11种伪蝎进行了细胞遗传学分析，其中包括三个亚属：1843年的土伪蝎（Chthonius）（土伪蝎亚属）、1930年的贝氏土伪蝎（Chthonius）（鞍甲土伪蝎亚属）和1931年的贝氏土伪蝎（Chthonius）（球土伪蝎亚属），它们都栖息在该地区。结果表明，雄性二倍体染色体数在21至35之间。在所有雄性标本中均检测到X0性染色体系统。X性染色体总是中着丝粒的，是细胞核中最大的染色体。在土伪蝎科中已知的无交叉减数分裂在[具体物种]的雄性中得到了进一步证实。C带证实了组成型异染色质在着丝粒区域的定位，这与标准染色体标本上的异固缩节段相对应。核型中染色体的形态类型和大小差异表明，[该属物种]进化过程中的主要染色体重排是着丝粒融合或串联融合，导致染色体数量减少。也可以预期会发生臂间倒位，从而使近端着丝粒染色体变为双臂染色体。在几个物种中检测到了染色体形态和数量的变异性：1804年的细纹土伪蝎（Chthonius）（土伪蝎亚属）、稀齿土伪蝎（Chthonius）（土伪蝎亚属）、1930年的红螯土伪蝎（Chthonius）（土伪蝎亚属）和1873年的细土伪蝎（Chthonius）（土伪蝎亚属）。我们讨论了这些物种内的种内变异性以及潜在的隐存物种的存在。
