Vauclair Christin-Melanie, Lima Maria Luísa, Abrams Dominic, Swift Hannah J, Bratt Christopher
Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa.
Centre for the Study of Group Processes, School of Psychology, University of Kent.
Psychol Aging. 2016 Nov;31(7):699-710. doi: 10.1037/pag0000125.
Psychological theories of aging highlight the importance of social context. However, very little research has distinguished empirically between older people's perception of how others in their social context perceive them (personal meta-perceptions) and the shared perceptions in society (societal meta-perceptions). Drawing on theories of intergroup relations and stereotyping and using a multilevel perspective, this article examines how well older people's perceptions of age discrimination (PAD) are predicted by (a) older people's personal meta-perceptions, (b) societal meta-perceptions, and (c) social norms of intolerance toward age prejudice. Aging meta-perceptions are differentiated into the cognitive and affective components of ageism. Multilevel analyses of data from the European Social Survey (N = 8,123, 29 countries; European Social Survey (ESS) Round 4 Data, 2008) confirmed that older people's personal meta-perceptions of negative age stereotypes and specific intergroup emotions (pity, envy, contempt) are associated with higher PAD. However, at the societal-level, only paternalistic meta-perceptions were consistently associated with greater PAD. The results show that a few meta-perceptions operate only as a psychological phenomenon in explaining PAD, some carry consonant, and others carry contrasting effects at the societal-level of analysis. This evidence extends previous research on aging meta-perceptions by showing that both the content of meta-perceptions and the level of analysis at which they are assessed make distinct contributions to PAD. Moreover, social norms of intolerance of age prejudice have a larger statistical effect than societal meta-perceptions. Social interventions would benefit from considering these differential findings. (PsycINFO Database Record
衰老的心理学理论强调了社会环境的重要性。然而，很少有研究从实证角度区分老年人对其社会环境中他人如何看待自己的认知（个人元认知）和社会中的共同认知（社会元认知）。本文借鉴群体间关系和刻板印象理论，并采用多层次视角，考察了以下因素对老年人年龄歧视认知（PAD）的预测程度：（a）老年人的个人元认知；（b）社会元认知；（c）对年龄偏见的不容忍社会规范。衰老元认知被区分为年龄歧视的认知和情感成分。对欧洲社会调查（N = 8123，29个国家；2008年欧洲社会调查（ESS）第4轮数据）的数据进行多层次分析证实，老年人对负面年龄刻板印象和特定群体间情绪（同情、嫉妒、轻蔑）的个人元认知与较高的PAD相关。然而，在社会层面，只有家长式元认知始终与更大的PAD相关。结果表明，一些元认知在解释PAD时仅作为一种心理现象起作用，一些具有一致的作用，而另一些在社会分析层面具有相反的作用。这一证据扩展了先前关于衰老元认知的研究，表明元认知的内容及其评估的分析层面都对PAD有独特的贡献。此外，对年龄偏见的不容忍社会规范在统计上的影响比社会元认知更大。社会干预将受益于考虑这些不同的发现。（PsycINFO数据库记录）
