Nguyen Minh A, Wiberg Karin, Ribeli Erik, Josefsson Sarah, Futter Martyn, Gustavsson Jakob, Ahrens Lutz
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
Environ Pollut. 2017 Jan;220(Pt B):1438-1446. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.089. Epub 2016 Nov 11.
The impact of point and diffuse sources for 26 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in northern Europe were investigated by studying Swedish rivers (n = 40) and recipient seawater (Baltic Sea and Kattegat; n = 18). Different composition profiles were observed in the rivers, with ten rivers having a remarkably high fraction of perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs; 65% of the ƩPFASs) as compared to other rivers (19%) suggesting major impact of one or several source types dominated by PFSAs. Population density and low latitude (south) were strongly correlated to the widely used perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as well as to perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS). Significant relationships between several PFCAs and PFSAs (i.e. perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), PFOA, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), and PFHxS) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were detected (p < 0.05), indicating chemical binding and co-transport with DOC in fresh water and seawater. Partial least squares regression analysis showed that perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were related to latitude according to their perfluorocarbon chain length (C, C, C, C, C and C), with longer chains associated with higher latitudes. This suggests the presence of mechanisms promoting higher prevalence of longer chained PFCAs in the north, e.g. precursor degradation, and/or aerosol associated stabilization of PFCAs and their precursors.
通过研究瑞典的河流（n = 40）和受纳海水（波罗的海和卡特加特海峡；n = 18），调查了北欧26种全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）的点源和扩散源的影响。在河流中观察到不同的组成特征，其中十条河流中全氟烷磺酸（PFSA）的比例显著高于其他河流（19%）（占总PFASs的65%），这表明一种或几种以PFSA为主的源类型产生了主要影响。人口密度和低纬度（南部）与广泛使用的全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）以及全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）密切相关。检测到几种全氟羧酸（PFCA）和全氟磺酸（PFSA）（即全氟丁酸（PFBA）、全氟庚酸（PFHpA）、PFOA、全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）和PFHxS）与溶解有机碳（DOC）之间存在显著关系（p < 0.05），表明在淡水和海水中存在化学结合以及与DOC的共迁移。偏最小二乘回归分析表明，全氟烷基羧酸（PFCA）根据其全氟碳链长度（C4、C5、C6、C7、C8和C9）与纬度相关，链长越长与纬度越高相关。这表明在北方存在促进长链PFCA更普遍存在的机制，例如前体降解和/或PFCA及其前体与气溶胶相关的稳定作用。
