Shinoda Kazuki, Takahashi Ken-Ichi, Go Mitiko
Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan.
Biophysics (Nagoya-shi). 2007 May 25;3:1-12. doi: 10.2142/biophysics.3.1. eCollection 2007.
To understand how protein reduces the conformational space to be searched for the native structure, it is crucial to characterize ensembles of conformations on the way of folding processes, in particular ensembles of relatively long-range structures connecting between an extensively unfolded state and a state with a native-like overall chain topology. To analyze such intermediate conformations, we performed multiple unfolding molecular dynamics simulations of barnase at 498K. Some short-range structures such as part of helix and turn were well sustained while most of the secondary structures and the hydrophobic cores were eventually lost, which is consistent with the results by other experimental and computational studies. The most important novel findings were persistence of long-range relatively compact substructures, which was captured by exploiting the concept of module. Module is originally introduced to describe the hierarchical structure of a globular protein in the native state. Modules are conceptually such relatively compact substructures that are resulted from partitioning the native structure of a globular protein completely into several contiguous segments with the least extended conformations. We applied this concept of module to detect a possible hierarchical structure of each snapshot structure in unfolding processes as well. Along with this conceptual extension, such detected relatively compact substructures are named quasi-modules. We found almost perfect persistence of quasi-module boundaries that are positioned close to the native module boundaries throughout the unfolding trajectories. Relatively compact conformations of the quasi-modules seemed to be retained mainly by hydrophobic interactions formed between residues located at both terminal regions within each module. From these results, we propose a hypothesis that hierarchical folding with the early formation of quasi-modules effectively reduces search space for the native structure.
为了理解蛋白质如何缩小寻找天然结构所需搜索的构象空间,关键在于表征折叠过程中构象的集合,特别是在广泛展开状态和具有类似天然整体链拓扑结构的状态之间连接的相对长程结构的集合。为了分析这些中间构象,我们在498K下对核糖核酸酶进行了多次展开分子动力学模拟。一些短程结构,如部分螺旋和转角,得到了很好的维持,而大多数二级结构和疏水核心最终丢失,这与其他实验和计算研究的结果一致。最重要的新发现是长程相对紧凑的子结构的持久性,这是通过利用模块的概念捕获的。模块最初是为了描述天然状态下球状蛋白质的层次结构而引入的。从概念上讲,模块是这样相对紧凑的子结构,它们是通过将球状蛋白质的天然结构完全划分为几个具有最少伸展构象的连续片段而产生的。我们也将这个模块概念应用于检测展开过程中每个快照结构可能的层次结构。随着这个概念的扩展,这种检测到的相对紧凑的子结构被命名为准模块。我们发现在整个展开轨迹中,准模块边界几乎完美地持续存在,这些边界靠近天然模块边界。准模块的相对紧凑构象似乎主要通过每个模块内位于两个末端区域的残基之间形成的疏水相互作用得以保留。基于这些结果,我们提出一个假设,即早期形成准模块的层次折叠有效地减少了对天然结构的搜索空间。