Rosenberger Alfred L, Smith Tim D, DeLeon Valerie B, Burrows Anne M, Schenck Robert, Halenar Lauren B
Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2016 Dec;299(12):1671-1689. doi: 10.1002/ar.23479.
We introduce a new method to geometrically reconstruct eye volume and placement in small-bodied primates based on the three-dimensional contour of the intraorbital surface. We validate it using seven species of living primates, with dry skulls and wet dissections, and test its application on seven species of Paleogene fossils of interest. The method performs well even when the orbit is damaged and incomplete, lacking the postorbital bar and represented only by the orbital floor. Eye volume is an important quantity for anatomic and metabolic reasons, which due to differences in eye set, or position within (or outside) the bony orbit, can be underestimated in living and fossil forms when calculated from aperture diameter. Our Ectopic Index quantifies how much the globe's volume protrudes anteriorly from the aperture. Lemur, Notharctus and Rooneyia resemble anthropoids, with deeply recessed eyes protruding 11%-13%. Galago and Tarsius are the other extreme, at 47%-56%. We argue that a laterally oriented aperture has little to do with line-of-sight in euprimates, as large ectopic eyes can position the cornea to enable a directly forward viewing axis, and soft tissue positions the eyes facing forward in megachiropteran bats, which have unenclosed, open eye sockets. The size and set of virtual eyes reconstructed from 3D cranial models confirm that eyes were large to hypertrophic in Hemiacodon, Necrolemur, Microchoerus, Pseudoloris and Shoshonius, but eye size in Rooneyia may have been underestimated by measuring the aperture, as in Aotus. Anat Rec, 299:1671-1689, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
我们介绍了一种基于眶内表面三维轮廓，从几何角度重建小型灵长类动物眼球体积和位置的新方法。我们使用七种现存灵长类动物的干燥头骨和湿标本进行验证，并测试其在七种感兴趣的古近纪化石上的应用。即使眼眶受损且不完整，缺少眶后棒且仅由眶底代表时，该方法也能表现良好。由于解剖学和代谢原因，眼球体积是一个重要的量，由于眼位差异，或在骨眶内（或外）的位置不同，当根据孔径直径计算时，现存和化石形态的眼球体积可能会被低估。我们的异位指数量化了眼球体积从孔径向前突出的程度。狐猴、北方狐猴和鲁尼猴类似于类人猿，眼睛深陷，突出11%-13%。婴猴和跗猴则处于另一个极端，为47%-56%。我们认为，在真灵长类动物中，侧向开口与视线关系不大，因为大的异位眼球可以将角膜定位，以实现直接向前的视轴，并且软组织将眼睛定位为朝前，在大型翼手目蝙蝠中，它们的眼眶未封闭、开放。从三维颅骨模型重建的虚拟眼球的大小和位置证实，在半齿兽、懒猴、微猪、伪狐猴和肖肖尼猴中，眼睛很大甚至过大，但鲁尼猴的眼睛大小可能像夜猴一样，通过测量孔径而被低估。《解剖学记录》，299:1671-1689，2016年。©2016威利期刊公司。
