Nakahara Fumio, Komaba Masayuki, Sato Ryoichi, Ikeda Hisako, Komaba Kumiko, Kawakubo Akihiro
Tokiwa University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8585, Japan.
Kujukushima Aquarium-Umi Kirara, Sasebo, Nagasaki, 858-0922, Japan.
Behav Processes. 2017 Feb;135:8-11. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.11.009. Epub 2016 Nov 18.
Dolphins exhibit prosocial behavior across several different contexts. However, only a few experimental studies have investigated the psychological mechanisms underlying this behavior. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying prosociality in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). In the experiments, water shower devices, developed as environmental enrichment items, were used. Two paradigms were used to measure prosociality. The first was the prosocial choice task, involving the subject typically being offered one choice between two options. The first option provided a reward (take a shower) to both the subject and partner (prosocial choice). The second option provided a reward only to the subject (selfish choice). The second paradigm was the giving assistance task, involving the subject being provided a choice between providing instrumental help to the partner (prosocial choice) or doing nothing. It was observed that the subjects chose the prosocial choices in both paradigms. In these experiments, prosocial choices were spontaneously taken without requests from the partners. These results indicated that the dolphins show preference for other-regarding behavior.
海豚在多种不同情境下都表现出亲社会行为。然而，只有少数实验研究探究了这种行为背后的心理机制。在本研究中，我们调查了宽吻海豚（瓶鼻海豚）亲社会行为的潜在机制。实验中使用了作为环境丰容物品开发的喷水装置。采用了两种范式来衡量亲社会行为。第一种是亲社会选择任务，通常是让受试者在两个选项之间做出一个选择。第一个选项会给受试者和伙伴都提供奖励（洗澡）（亲社会选择）。第二个选项只给受试者提供奖励（自私选择）。第二种范式是给予帮助任务，让受试者在为伙伴提供工具性帮助（亲社会选择）或什么都不做之间做出选择。观察到受试者在两种范式中都选择了亲社会选择。在这些实验中，亲社会选择是在没有伙伴要求的情况下自发做出的。这些结果表明，海豚表现出对关心他人行为的偏好。
