Elshereksi Nidal W, Ghazali Mariyam J, Muchtar Andanastuti, Azhari Che H
Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Dental Technology, College of Medical Technology, P.O. Box: 1458 Misurata, Libya.
Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
J Dent. 2017 Jan;56:121-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.11.012. Epub 2016 Dec 1.
This study aimed to fabricate and characterise silanated and titanated nanobarium titanate (NBT) filled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture base composites and to evaluate the behaviour of a titanate coupling agent (TCA) as an alternative coupling agent to silane. The effect of filler surface modification on fracture toughness was also studied.
Silanated, titanated and pure NBT at 5% were incorporated in PMMA matrix. Neat PMMA matrix served as a control. NBT was sonicated in MMA prior to mixing with the PMMA. Curing was carried out using a water bath at 75°C for 1.5h and then at 100°C for 30min. NBT was characterised via Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis before and after surface modification. The porosity and fracture toughness of the PMMA nanocomposites (n=6, for each formulation and test) were also evaluated.
NBT was successfully functionalised by the coupling agents. The TCA exhibited the lowest percentage of porosity (0.09%), whereas silane revealed 0.53% porosity. Statistically significant differences in fracture toughness were observed among the fracture toughness values of the tested samples (p<0.05). While the fracture toughness of untreated samples was reduced by 8%, an enhancement of 25% was achieved after titanation. In addition, the fracture toughness of the titanated samples was higher than the silanated ones by 10%.
Formation of a monolayer on the surface of TCA enhanced the NBT dispersion, however agglomeration of silanated NBT was observed due to insufficient coverage of NBT surface. Such behaviour led to reducing the porosity level and improving fracture toughness of titanated NBT/PMMA composites. Thus, TCA seemed to be more effective than silane.
Minimising the porosity level could have the potential to reduce fungus growth on denture base resin to be hygienically accepTable Such enhancements obtained with Ti-NBT could lead to promotion of the composites' longevity.
本研究旨在制备并表征硅烷化和钛酸酯化的纳米钛酸钡（NBT）填充聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）义齿基托复合材料，并评估钛酸酯偶联剂（TCA）作为硅烷替代偶联剂的性能。还研究了填料表面改性对断裂韧性的影响。
将5%的硅烷化、钛酸酯化和纯NBT加入PMMA基体中。纯PMMA基体作为对照。在与PMMA混合之前，将NBT在甲基丙烯酸甲酯中超声处理。使用水浴在75°C下固化1.5小时，然后在100°C下固化30分钟。在表面改性前后，通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和布鲁诺尔-埃米特-泰勒（BET）分析对NBT进行表征。还评估了PMMA纳米复合材料的孔隙率和断裂韧性（每种配方和测试n = 6）。
NBT通过偶联剂成功实现功能化。TCA的孔隙率百分比最低（0.09%），而硅烷的孔隙率为0.53%。在测试样品的断裂韧性值之间观察到统计学上的显著差异（p < 0.05）。未处理样品的断裂韧性降低了8%，而钛酸酯化后提高了25%。此外，钛酸酯化样品的断裂韧性比硅烷化样品高10%。
TCA表面形成的单分子层增强了NBT的分散性，然而由于NBT表面覆盖不足，观察到硅烷化NBT的团聚。这种行为导致钛酸酯化NBT/PMMA复合材料的孔隙率水平降低并提高了断裂韧性。因此，TCA似乎比硅烷更有效。
将孔隙率水平降至最低可能有潜力减少义齿基托树脂上的真菌生长，从而在卫生方面是可接受的。用Ti-NBT获得的这种增强可能会提高复合材料的使用寿命。
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