Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Poultry Performance Plus, Kleine Enkweg 1, 7383 DB Voorst, The Netherlands.
Poult Sci. 2017 Jun 1;96(6):1891-1900. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew417.
Breeder age and broiler strain influence the availability of nutrients and oxygen through yolk size and eggshell conductance, and the effects of these egg characteristics on nutrient metabolism might be influenced by eggshell temperature (EST). This study aims to determine effects of breeder age, strain, and EST on nutrient metabolism of embryos. A study was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using four batches of in total 4,464 hatching eggs of 2 flock ages at 29 to 30 wk (young) and 54 to 55 wk (old) of Ross 308 and Cobb 500. EST of 37.8 (normal) or 38.9°C (high) was applied from incubation day 7 (E7) until hatching. Wet yolk weight was determined mainly by breeder age (P = 0.043). Energy content in yolk (P = 0.004) and albumen + yolk (P = 0.005) were higher in old flock eggs than in young flock eggs, but did not differ between broiler strains. Eggshell conductance was higher in Ross 308 eggs than in Cobb 500 eggs (P < 0.001). Old flock embryos used more energy (P = 0.046) and accumulated more energy into yolk free body mass (YFBM; P = 0.030) than young flock embryos, whereas heat production (HP), energy lost, and efficiency of converting energy used to YFBM (EYFB) did not differ. Ross 308 embryos used more energy (P = 0.006), had a higher energy lost (P = 0.010), and a higher HP between E15 to E18 (P < 0.05) than Cobb 500 embryos. Energy content in YFBM did not differ between strains and EYFB (P = 0.024) was lower in Ross 308 than in Cobb 500. High EST resulted in higher HP than low EST from E11 to E15 (P < 0.05), but not after E15. Amount of energy used (P = 0.006) and energy accumulated in the YFBM (P < 0.001) was lower for embryos incubated at an EST of 38.9 than that of 37.8°C, whereas EYFB did not differ. In conclusion, breeder age, broiler strain, and EST differentially influence embryonic metabolism and particularly the availability of oxygen could have contributed to these differences.
种鸡年龄、肉鸡品种和蛋壳温度影响蛋黄大小和蛋壳通透性，从而影响胚胎对养分的代谢。本研究旨在确定种鸡年龄、品种和蛋壳温度对胚胎养分代谢的影响。本研究采用 2×2×2 析因设计，共使用 4 批共 4464 枚 29-30 周龄（年轻）和 54-55 周龄（年老）罗斯 308 和科宝 500 鸡种蛋，在孵化第 7 天（E7）至孵化期间分别设置 37.8°C（正常）和 38.9°C（高温）的蛋壳温度。蛋黄重量主要受种鸡年龄影响（P = 0.043）。老鸡种蛋的蛋黄（P = 0.004）和蛋黄+蛋清（P = 0.005）中的能量含量高于小鸡种蛋，但肉鸡品种间无差异。罗斯 308 种蛋的蛋壳通透性高于科宝 500 种蛋（P < 0.001）。与小鸡种蛋相比，老鸡种蛋的胚胎消耗更多能量（P = 0.046），并将更多能量积累到卵黄游离体质量（YFBM；P = 0.030）中，而胚胎的产热量（HP）、能量损失和将消耗的能量转化为 YFBM 的效率（EYFB）没有差异。与科宝 500 胚胎相比，罗斯 308 胚胎消耗更多能量（P = 0.006），能量损失更多（P = 0.010），E15-E18 期间 HP 更高（P < 0.05）。两种胚胎的 YFBM 能量含量无差异，EYFB 也无差异（P = 0.024），但罗斯 308 的 EYFB 低于科宝 500。E11-E15 期间，高蛋壳温度比低蛋壳温度导致胚胎的 HP 更高（P < 0.05），但在 E15 之后则无差异。E11-E15 期间，在 38.9°C 条件下孵化的胚胎消耗的能量（P = 0.006）和积累的能量（P < 0.001）更少，而 YFBM 中的能量积累量没有差异。总之，种鸡年龄、肉鸡品种和蛋壳温度对胚胎代谢有不同的影响，特别是氧气的供应可能导致了这些差异。
