Hassler M, Nieschlag E
Arch Psychol (Frankf). 1989;141(1):71-84.
Physiological and psychological masculinity and femininity were assessed in relation to musical capacities and spatial ability. Male composers had lower mean testosterone levels than male instrumentalists and male non-musicians; female composers had higher testosterone levels than female instrumentalists and female non-musicians. Testosterone in saliva was the physiological marker for androgyny. All of the groups were found to be psychologically androgynous on Bem's Sex-Role Inventory and all groups had above average spatial ability. Musicians, however, surpassed non-musicians on spatial visualization and on Witelson's Dichaptic Stimulation Test.
研究评估了生理和心理层面的男性气质与女性气质与音乐能力及空间能力之间的关系。男性作曲家的平均睾酮水平低于男性乐器演奏者和男性非音乐家；女性作曲家的睾酮水平高于女性乐器演奏者和女性非音乐家。唾液中的睾酮是双性化的生理指标。在贝姆性别角色量表上，所有组在心理上都表现为双性化，且所有组的空间能力均高于平均水平。然而，在空间视觉化和维特尔森双手同时刺激测试中，音乐家的表现超过了非音乐家。
