Kray Laura J, Howland Laura, Russell Alexandra G, Jackman Lauren M
Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley.
Department of Psychology, Stanford University.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2017 Jan;112(1):98-115. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000124.
Four studies (n = 1199) tested support for the idea that implicit theories about the fixedness versus malleability of gender roles (entity vs. incremental theories) predict differences in the degree of gender system justification, that is, support for the status quo in relations between women and men in society. Relative to an incremental theory, the holding of an entity theory correlated with more system-justifying attitudes and self-perceptions (Study 1) for men and women alike. We also found that strength of identification with one's gender in-group was a stronger predictor of system justification for men than it was for women, suggesting men's defense of the status quo may be motivated by their membership in a high status group in the social hierarchy. In 3 experiments, we then tested whether exposure to a fixed gender role theory would lead men to identify more with masculine characteristics and their male gender group, thus increasing their defense of the gender system as fair and just. We did not expect a fixed gender role theory to trigger these identity-motivated responses in women. Overall, we found that, by increasing the degree of psychological investment in their masculine identity, adopting a fixed gender role theory increased men's rationalization of the gender status quo compared with when gender roles were perceived to be changeable. This suggests that, when men are motivated to align with their masculine identity, they are more likely to endorse the persistence of gender inequality as a way of affirming their status as "real men." (PsycINFO Database Record
四项研究（n = 1199）检验了以下观点的支持情况：即关于性别角色固定性与可塑性的内隐理论（实体理论与渐变理论）能够预测性别系统正当性程度的差异，也就是对社会中男女关系现状的支持程度。相对于渐变理论，持有实体理论与男性和女性更多的系统正当性态度及自我认知相关（研究1）。我们还发现，与女性相比，男性对其性别内群体的认同强度是系统正当性更强的预测指标，这表明男性对现状的维护可能是受其在社会等级制度中处于高地位群体成员身份的驱使。在3项实验中，我们随后检验了接触固定性别角色理论是否会使男性更认同男性特质及其男性性别群体，从而增强他们将性别系统视为公平公正的维护程度。我们预计固定性别角色理论不会在女性中引发这些由身份驱动的反应。总体而言，我们发现，与认为性别角色可变时相比，通过增加男性对其男性身份的心理投入程度，采用固定性别角色理论会增强男性对性别现状的合理化程度。这表明，当男性有动力与他们的男性身份保持一致时，他们更有可能认可性别不平等的持续存在，以此作为确认自己作为“真正男人”身份的一种方式。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》
