Thome Christopher, Mitz Charlotte, Sreetharan Shayenthiran, Mitz Charles, Somers Christopher M, Manzon Richard G, Boreham Douglas R, Wilson Joanna Y
Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2017 Jul;36(7):1955-1965. doi: 10.1002/etc.3727. Epub 2017 Jan 31.
Chemicals used in the prevention of corrosion and biofouling may be released into the environment via industrial cooling water discharges. The authors assessed the impacts of 2 commonly used chemicals, morpholine and sodium hypochlorite, on development in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Embryos were exposed chronically, beginning at fertilization or at the eyed stage. Acute 96-h exposures were also examined at 4 development stages. Chronic morpholine resulted in median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 219 ± 54 mg/L when exposure began at fertilization and 674 ± 12 mg/L when exposure began at the eyed stage, suggesting that embryos are more sensitive earlier in development. Chronic morpholine exposure advanced hatching by up to 30%, and the early hatching embryos were up to 10% smaller in body length. A decrease in yolk conversion efficiency was also observed in embryos exposed to chronic morpholine concentrations of 1000 mg/L. The majority of effects from morpholine exposure manifested near hatch, possibly reflecting changes in chorion permeability at the end of embryonic development. Sodium hypochlorite only impacted survival with chronic exposure from fertilization, where the total residual chlorine LC50 was 0.52 ± 0.11 mg/L. Acute exposures to both chemicals had minimal effects up to the highest tested concentrations. Overall, the results suggest that the risk during development from exposure to morpholine and sodium hypochlorite is low under normal operating conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1955-1965. © 2016 SETAC.
用于防止腐蚀和生物污垢的化学物质可能会通过工业冷却水排放进入环境。作者评估了两种常用化学物质吗啉和次氯酸钠对湖白鲑（Coregonus clupeaformis）发育的影响。胚胎从受精时或眼点期开始长期暴露。还在4个发育阶段进行了96小时的急性暴露试验。当从受精时开始暴露时，慢性吗啉导致的半数致死浓度（LC50）为219±54毫克/升，而从眼点期开始暴露时为674±12毫克/升，这表明胚胎在发育早期更敏感。慢性吗啉暴露使孵化提前了30%，早期孵化的胚胎体长小了10%。在暴露于1000毫克/升慢性吗啉浓度的胚胎中也观察到卵黄转化效率降低。吗啉暴露的大多数影响在孵化时出现，这可能反映了胚胎发育末期卵膜通透性的变化。次氯酸钠仅在从受精开始的慢性暴露中影响存活率，其中总余氯的LC50为0.52±0.11毫克/升。在最高测试浓度之前，两种化学物质的急性暴露影响最小。总体而言，结果表明在正常操作条件下，发育过程中暴露于吗啉和次氯酸钠的风险较低。《环境毒理学与化学》2017年；36：1955 - 1965。© 2016 SETAC。
