Fenart R, Fenart G
Laboratoire de Craniologie Comparée, Faculté Libre de Médecine de Lille (C.N.R.S.).
Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy). 1989 Jun;73(221):13-20.
In 44 mammalian species, the auditory ossicles have been studied in situ in the tympanic cavity and in vestibular orientation. After the lateral semicircular canal's direction and dimensions have been put in common, measurements have been undertaken leading to a comparison of 4 phylogenic stages. Thus we have observed a rotation of the stapes, of the incus and of the malleus head, a receding of the manubrium of the malleus ending in an inversion of the bone's concavity, an extension of the supposed unfolded chain, a parallelization of the malleolus handle and of the lower incudal apophysis, a slope of the functional axes towards the back, a diminution of the distance between the two lever arms due to a receding of the anterior arm and a diminution of the ratio between these lever arms. These varied changes are linked to the occipital rotation and to the receding of the jaws following humanization.
在44种哺乳动物中，对其听小骨在鼓室内的原位及前庭方向进行了研究。在统一了外侧半规管的方向和尺寸后，进行了测量，从而对4个系统发育阶段进行了比较。因此，我们观察到镫骨、砧骨和锤骨头的旋转，锤骨柄的后缩导致骨凹的反转，假定展开链的延长，锤骨柄和下砧骨突的平行化，功能轴向后倾斜，由于前臂的后缩，两个杠杆臂之间的距离减小，以及这些杠杆臂之间比例的减小。这些不同的变化与枕骨旋转以及人类化过程中颌骨的后缩有关。
