双重因果关系与生物学的自主性
Dual Causality and the Autonomy of Biology.
作者信息
Bock Walter J
机构信息
Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, Mail Box 2428, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
出版信息
Acta Biotheor. 2017 Mar;65(1):63-79. doi: 10.1007/s10441-016-9303-2. Epub 2017 Jan 2.
Ernst Mayr's concept of dual causality in biology with the two forms of causes (proximate and ultimate) continues to provide an essential foundation for the philosophy of biology. They are equivalent to functional (=proximate) and evolutionary (=ultimate) causes with both required for full biological explanations. The natural sciences can be classified into nomological, historical nomological and historical dual causality, the last including only biology. Because evolutionary causality is unique to biology and must be included for all complete biological explanations, biology is autonomous from the physical sciences.
恩斯特·迈尔提出的生物学中双重因果关系的概念，包含两种因果形式（近因和远因），这一概念继续为生物学哲学提供重要基础。它们等同于功能（即近因）和进化（即远因）因果关系，完整的生物学解释需要这两者。自然科学可分为法则性的、历史法则性的和历史双重因果关系的，最后一种仅包括生物学。由于进化因果关系是生物学所独有的，且所有完整的生物学解释都必须包含它，所以生物学独立于物理科学。
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