Reusable Catalyst for Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones Designed by Anchoring Palladium as Nanoparticles on Graphene Oxide Functionalized with Selenated Amine.

The treatment of graphene oxide with ClCHCOOH, thionyl chloride, and 2-(phenylselenyl)ethylamine successively has resulted in functionalization of its surface with selenated ethylamine molecules which may act as chelating (Se, N) ligands. The graphene oxide grafted with (Se, N) donor sites (GO-Se) on treatment with NaPdCl and NaOH gave GO-Se anchored with Pd(0) nanoparticles (NPs) (GO-Se-Pd). The X-ray diffraction (powder), FT-IR, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and electron microscopic techniques (SEM and HR-TEM) authenticated the formation of GO-Se-Pd. The distribution of Pd(0) NPs of size ∼1-3 nm on GO-Se was found nearly uniform. The transfer hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes/ketones) with 2-propanol was catalyzed with GO-Se-Pd. The catalyst equivalent to 0.25 mol % of Pd was sufficient to convert aldehydes and ketones to alcohols in good yield (nearly quantitative for some substrates) and found somewhat more efficient for aldehydes than ketones. The reusability of GO-Se-Pd studied for transfer hydrogenation of 4-anisaldehyde to the corresponding alcohol can be understood by ∼96% conversion even in the sixth catalytic run. Flame AAS analysis of GO-Se-Pd revealed negligible leaching of Pd even after the sixth catalytic reaction cycle. Hot filtration experiments suggested the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst.