Schmid Sandrine, Dinkel Anke, Mackenstedt Ute, Tantely Michaël Luciano, Randrianambinintsoa Fano José, Boyer Sébastien, Woog Friederike
Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Zoologie, FG Parasitologie, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, BP 1274 Avaradoha, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.
Parasit Vectors. 2017 Jan 5;10(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1939-x.
Avian malaria occurs almost worldwide and is caused by Haemosporida parasites (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon). Vectors such as mosquitoes, hippoboscid flies or biting midges are required for the transmission of these parasites. There are few studies about avian malaria parasites on Madagascar but none about suitable vectors.
To identify vectors of avian Plasmodium parasites on Madagascar, we examined head, thorax and abdomen of 418 mosquitoes from at least 18 species using a nested PCR method to amplify a 524 bp fragment of the haemosporidian mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Sequences obtained were then compared with a large dataset of haemosporidian sequences detected in 45 different bird species (n = 686) from the same area in the Maromizaha rainforest.
Twenty-one mosquitoes tested positive for avian malaria parasites. Haemoproteus DNA was found in nine mosquitoes (2.15%) while Plasmodium DNA was found in 12 mosquitoes (2.87%). Seven distinct lineages were identified among the Plasmodium DNA samples. Some lineages were also found in the examined bird samples: Plasmodium sp. WA46 (EU810628.1) in the Madagascar bulbul, Plasmodium sp. mosquito 132 (AB308050.1) in 15 bird species belonging to eight families, Plasmodium sp. PV12 (GQ150194.1) in eleven bird species belonging to eight families and Plasmodium sp. P31 (DQ839060.1) was found in three weaver bird species.
This study provides the first insight into avian malaria transmission in the Maromizaha rainforest in eastern Madagascar. Five Haemoproteus lineages and seven Plasmodium lineages were detected in the examined mosquitoes. Complete life-cycles for the specialist lineages WA46 and P31 and for the generalist lineages mosquito132 and PV12 of Plasmodium are proposed. In addition, we have identified for the first time Anopheles mascarensis and Uranotaenia spp. as vectors for avian malaria and offer the first description of vector mosquitoes for avian malaria in Madagascar.
禽疟几乎在全球范围内发生，由血孢子虫寄生虫（疟原虫、血变原虫和白细胞原虫）引起。这些寄生虫的传播需要蚊子、虱蝇或蠓等媒介。关于马达加斯加禽疟寄生虫的研究很少，但没有关于合适媒介的研究。
为了确定马达加斯加禽疟原虫的媒介，我们使用巢式PCR方法检测了至少18个物种的418只蚊子的头部、胸部和腹部，以扩增血孢子虫线粒体细胞色素b基因的524bp片段。然后将获得的序列与在马罗米扎哈雨林同一地区的45种不同鸟类（n = 686）中检测到的大量血孢子虫序列数据集进行比较。
21只蚊子检测出禽疟寄生虫呈阳性。在9只蚊子（2.15%）中发现了血变原虫DNA，在12只蚊子（2.87%）中发现了疟原虫DNA。在疟原虫DNA样本中鉴定出7个不同的谱系。在检测的鸟类样本中也发现了一些谱系：马达加斯加夜莺中发现疟原虫属WA46（EU810628.1），8个科的15种鸟类中发现疟原虫属蚊子132（AB308050.1），8个科的11种鸟类中发现疟原虫属PV12（GQ150194.1），3种织雀中发现疟原虫属P31（DQ839060.1）。
本研究首次深入了解了马达加斯加东部马罗米扎哈雨林中的禽疟传播情况。在所检测的蚊子中检测到5个血变原虫谱系和7个疟原虫谱系。提出了疟原虫属WA46和P31特化谱系以及疟原虫属蚊子132和PV12泛化谱系的完整生命周期。此外，我们首次确定马斯卡林按蚊和蓝带蚊属为禽疟的媒介，并首次描述了马达加斯加禽疟的媒介蚊子。
