School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR 15780, Greece.
Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Mar 1;581-582:518-529. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.159. Epub 2017 Jan 3.
Ozone exposure of 179 children in Athens and Thessaloniki, Greece was assessed during 2013-2014, by repeated weekly personal measurements, using passive samplers. O was also monitored at school locations of participants to characterize community-level ambient exposure. Average personal concentrations in the two cities (5.0 and 2.8ppb in Athens and Thessaloniki, respectively) were considerably lower than ambient concentrations (with mean personal/ambient ratios of 0.13-0.15). The temporal variation of personal concentrations followed the -typical for low-latitude areas- pattern of cold-warm seasons. However, differences were detected between temporal distributions of personal and ambient concentrations, since personal exposures were affected by additional factors which present seasonal variability, such as outdoor activity and house ventilation. Significant spatial contrasts were observed between urban and suburban areas, for personal concentrations in Athens, with higher exposure for children residing in the N-NE part of the area. In Thessaloniki, spatial variations in personal concentrations were less pronounced, echoing the spatial pattern of ambient concentrations, a result of complex local meteorology and the smaller geographical expansion of the study area. Ambient concentration was identified as the most important factor influencing personal exposures (correlation coefficients between 0.36 and 0.67). Associations appeared to be stronger with ambient concentrations measured at school locations of children, than to those reported by the nearest site of the air quality monitoring network, indicating the importance of community-representative outdoor monitoring for characterization of personal-ambient relationships. Time spent outdoors by children was limited (>90% of the time they remained indoors), but -due to the lack of indoor sources- it was found to exert significant influence on personal concentrations, affecting inter-subject and spatiotemporal variability. Additional parameters that were identified as relevant for the determination of personal concentrations were indoor ventilation conditions (specifically indoor times with windows open) and the use of wood-burning in open fireplaces for heating as an ozone sink.
2013-2014 年期间,通过使用被动采样器对 179 名在希腊雅典和塞萨洛尼基的儿童进行了每周重复的个人臭氧暴露评估。还在参与者的学校位置监测臭氧,以描述社区水平的环境暴露情况。两个城市的平均个人浓度(雅典和塞萨洛尼基分别为 5.0 和 2.8ppb)远低于环境浓度(个人/环境比的平均值为 0.13-0.15)。个人浓度的时间变化遵循低纬度地区的典型模式,即冷-暖季节。然而,在个人和环境浓度的时间分布之间检测到差异,因为个人暴露受到其他具有季节性变化的因素的影响,例如户外活动和房屋通风。在雅典,城市和郊区地区之间观察到个人浓度的显著空间对比,对于居住在该地区 N-NE 部分的儿童,其暴露程度更高。在塞萨洛尼基,个人浓度的空间变化不太明显,这反映了环境浓度的空间模式,这是复杂的当地气象和研究区域较小的地理扩展的结果。环境浓度被确定为影响个人暴露的最重要因素(相关系数在 0.36 到 0.67 之间)。与空气质量监测网络最近站点报告的浓度相比,与在儿童学校位置测量的浓度的关联似乎更强,这表明社区代表性的室外监测对于表征个人-环境关系非常重要。儿童在户外的时间有限(他们在室内的时间超过 90%),但由于缺乏室内来源,它被发现对个人浓度有显著影响,影响了个体间和时空变异性。被确定为个人浓度决定因素的其他参数是室内通风条件(特别是窗户打开的室内时间)和使用燃木壁炉取暖作为臭氧吸收源。