Dimakopoulou Konstantina, Grivas Georgios, Samoli Evangelia, Rodopoulou Sophia, Spyratos Dionisis, Papakosta Despoina, Karakatsani Anna, Chaloulakou Archontoula, Katsouyanni Klea
Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece.
School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Environ Res. 2017 Apr;154:66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.020. Epub 2016 Dec 28.
In the wider framework of the RESPOZE (ReSPiratory effects of OZone Exposure in Greek children) panel study, we investigated possible determinants of O exposure of school children, measured with personal passive samplers, in Athens and Thessaloniki, Greece.
Personal exposure to O was measured for five weeks spread along the academic year 2013-14, in 186 school children in Athens and Thessaloniki, Greece. At the same time, at-school outdoor measurements were performed and ambient levels of 8-h daily maximum O from fixed sites were collected. We also collected information on lifestyle and housing characteristics through an extended general questionnaire (GQ) and each participant completed daily time activity diaries (TADs) during the study period.
Mean outdoor concentrations were higher during the warmer months, in the suburbs of the cities and in Athens. Personal exposure concentrations were significantly lower compared to outdoor. Daily levels of at-school outdoor and ambient levels of O from fixed sites were significant determinants of personal exposure to O. For a 10μg/m increase in at-school outdoor O concentrations and PM measurements a 20.9% (95% CI: 13%, 28%) increase in personal exposure to O was found. For a half an hour more spent in transportation an average increase of 7% (95% CI: 0.3%, 14.6%) in personal exposure to O was observed. Among other possible determinants, time spent in transportation (TAD variable) and duration of open windows were the ones associated with personal O exposure levels.
Our results support the use of outdoor and ambient measurements from fixed sites in epidemiological studies as a proxy of personal exposure to O, but this has to be calibrated taking into account personal measurements and time-activity patterns.
在“RESPOZE（希腊儿童臭氧暴露的呼吸效应）”小组研究的更广泛框架内，我们调查了希腊雅典和塞萨洛尼基使用个人被动采样器测量的学童臭氧暴露的可能决定因素。
在2013 - 14学年期间，对希腊雅典和塞萨洛尼基的186名学童进行了为期五周的个人臭氧暴露测量。与此同时，进行了校内室外测量，并收集了固定站点8小时每日最大臭氧的环境水平。我们还通过一份扩展的一般问卷（GQ）收集了生活方式和住房特征的信息，并且每位参与者在研究期间填写了每日时间活动日记（TAD）。
在较温暖的月份、城市郊区和雅典，平均室外浓度较高。个人暴露浓度显著低于室外。校内室外每日水平和固定站点的臭氧环境水平是个人臭氧暴露的重要决定因素。在校内室外臭氧浓度和颗粒物测量每增加10μg/m³时，发现个人臭氧暴露增加20.9%（95%可信区间：13%，28%）。在交通中多花费半小时，个人臭氧暴露平均增加7%（95%可信区间：0.3%，14.6%）。在其他可能的决定因素中，在交通中花费的时间（TAD变量）和开窗持续时间与个人臭氧暴露水平相关。
我们的结果支持在流行病学研究中使用固定站点的室外和环境测量作为个人臭氧暴露的替代指标，但必须结合个人测量和时间 - 活动模式进行校准。
