Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
Department of Chemistry, State University of New York-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
Harmful Algae. 2016 Apr;54:194-212. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.002.
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cHABs) have significant socioeconomic and ecological costs, which impact drinking water, fisheries, agriculture, tourism, real estate, water quality, food web resilience and habitats, and contribute to anoxia and fish kills. Many of these costs are well described, but in fact are largely unmeasured. Worldwide cHABs can produce toxins (cyanotoxins), which cause acute or chronic health effects in mammals (including humans) and other organisms. There are few attempts to characterize the full health-related effects other than acute incidences, which may go unrecorded. At present these are difficult to access and evaluate and may be ascribed to other causes. Such information is fundamental to measure the full costs of cHABs and inform the need for often-costly management and remediation. This paper synthesizes information on cHABs occurrence, toxicology and health effects, and relates this to past and current conditions in the Great Lakes, a major global resource which supplies 84% of the surface water in North America. This geographic region has seen a significant resurgence of cHABs since the 1980s. In particular we focus on Lake Erie, where increased reporting of cHABs has occurred from the early 1990's. We evaluate available information and case reports of cHAB-related illness and death and show that cHABs occur throughout the basin, with reports of animal illness and death, especially dogs and livestock. Lake Erie has consistently experienced cHABs and cyanotoxins in the last decade with probable cases of human illness, while the other Great Lakes show intermittent cHABs and toxins, but no confirmed reports on illness or toxicity. The dominant toxigenic cyanobacterium is the genus Microcystis known to produce microcystins. The presence of other cyanotoxins (anatoxin-a, paralytic shellfish toxins) implicates other toxigenic cyanobacteria such as Anabaena (Dolichospermum) and Lyngbya.
有害的蓝藻水华（cHABs）会带来重大的社会经济和生态成本，影响饮用水、渔业、农业、旅游业、房地产、水质、食物网弹性和栖息地，并导致缺氧和鱼类死亡。其中许多成本都有详细描述，但实际上大部分都没有被量化。全球范围内，cHABs 可能会产生毒素（蓝藻毒素），对哺乳动物（包括人类）和其他生物造成急性或慢性健康影响。除了可能未被记录的急性病例外，很少有尝试描述其他与健康相关的全部影响。目前，这些影响很难被获取和评估，可能归因于其他原因。这些信息对于量化 cHABs 的全部成本以及确定是否需要进行通常昂贵的管理和补救措施至关重要。本文综合了有关 cHABs 发生、毒理学和健康影响的信息，并将其与大湖地区过去和当前的情况相关联，大湖地区是一个主要的全球资源，为北美 84%的地表水提供了供应。自 20 世纪 80 年代以来，该地理区域的 cHABs 明显呈复苏趋势。特别是我们集中关注伊利湖，自 20 世纪 90 年代初以来，该湖报告的 cHABs 有所增加。我们评估了现有的与 cHAB 相关疾病和死亡的信息和案例报告，并表明 cHABs 发生在整个流域，包括动物疾病和死亡的报告，尤其是狗和牲畜。过去十年，伊利湖一直经历着 cHABs 和蓝藻毒素，可能出现了人类病例，而其他大湖则间歇性地出现 cHABs 和毒素，但没有关于疾病或毒性的确诊报告。优势产毒蓝藻属为微囊藻属，已知能产生微囊藻毒素。其他蓝藻毒素（鱼腥藻毒素-a、麻痹性贝类毒素）的存在涉及其他产毒蓝藻，如束丝藻属（鱼腥藻属）和 Lyngbya 属。
