U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
Harmful Algae. 2016 Jun;56:77-90. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.001. Epub 2016 May 26.
A large nation-wide survey of cyanotoxins (1161 lakes) in the United States (U.S.) was conducted during the EPA National Lakes Assessment 2007. Cyanotoxin data were compared with cyanobacteria abundance- and chlorophyll-based World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds and mouse toxicity data to evaluate potential recreational risks. Cylindrospermopsins, microcystins, and saxitoxins were detected (ELISA) in 4.0, 32, and 7.7% of samples with mean concentrations of 0.56, 3.0, and 0.061μg/L, respectively (detections only). Co-occurrence of the three cyanotoxin classes was rare (0.32%) when at least one toxin was detected. Cyanobacteria were present and dominant in 98 and 76% of samples, respectively. Potential anatoxin-, cylindrospermopsin-, microcystin-, and saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria occurred in 81, 67, 95, and 79% of samples, respectively. Anatoxin-a and nodularin-R were detected (LC/MS/MS) in 15 and 3.7% samples (n=27). The WHO moderate and high risk thresholds for microcystins, cyanobacteria abundance, and total chlorophyll were exceeded in 1.1, 27, and 44% of samples, respectively. Complete agreement by all three WHO microcystin metrics occurred in 27% of samples. This suggests that WHO microcystin metrics based on total chlorophyll and cyanobacterial abundance can overestimate microcystin risk when compared to WHO microcystin thresholds. The lack of parity among the WHO thresholds was expected since chlorophyll is common amongst all phytoplankton and not all cyanobacteria produce microcystins.
美国进行了一项全国范围内针对蓝藻毒素（1161 个湖泊）的大型调查，这是在 EPA 国家湖泊评估 2007 年期间进行的。将蓝藻毒素数据与基于世界卫生组织（WHO）的蓝细菌丰度和叶绿素的阈值以及基于小鼠毒性的蓝藻毒素数据进行比较，以评估潜在的娱乐风险。采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）在 4.0%、32%和 7.7%的样本中检测到柱孢藻毒素、微囊藻毒素和石房蛤毒素，其平均浓度分别为 0.56μg/L、3.0μg/L和 0.061μg/L（仅检测到）。当至少检测到一种毒素时，这三种蓝藻毒素类别的共存情况很少见（0.32%）。蓝细菌分别存在于 98%和 76%的样本中，分别占优势。潜在的anatoxin-a、柱孢藻毒素、微囊藻毒素和石房蛤毒素产生蓝细菌分别存在于 81%、67%、95%和 79%的样本中。在 15%和 3.7%的样本（n=27）中检测到anatoxin-a 和 nodularin-R（LC/MS/MS）。微囊藻毒素、蓝细菌丰度和总叶绿素的 WHO 中等到高风险阈值分别在 1.1%、27%和 44%的样本中超过。在 27%的样本中，所有三种 WHO 微囊藻毒素指标完全一致。这表明，与 WHO 微囊藻毒素阈值相比，基于总叶绿素和蓝细菌丰度的 WHO 微囊藻毒素指标可能会高估微囊藻毒素的风险。由于叶绿素是所有浮游植物的常见物质，而并非所有蓝细菌都产生微囊藻毒素，因此 WHO 阈值之间的不一致是意料之中的。
