Hash John M, Millar Jocelyn G, Heraty John M, Harwood James F, Brown Brian V
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
, 2847 Gordon Street, Honolulu, HI, USA.
J Chem Ecol. 2017 Feb;43(2):198-206. doi: 10.1007/s10886-016-0815-7. Epub 2017 Jan 11.
Toxic defensive secretions produced by millipedes in the orders Julida, Spirobolida, Spirostreptida, and Polydesmida are highly repellent to most vertebrate and invertebrate natural enemies, but a few insects have evolved mechanisms to overcome these defenses. We demonstrate that highly specialized parasitic phorid flies in the species-rich genus Myriophora use volatile millipede defensive compounds as kairomones for host location. Of the two predominant quinone components in the defensive blend of juliform millipedes, 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone alone was sufficient to attract adult flies of both sexes; however, a combination of 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone increased attractiveness nearly threefold. We further discuss oviposition behavior, adult and larval feeding habits, life history parameters, and the potential competitive interactions between phorid flies in the genus Myriophora and other millipede-associated insects.
姬马陆目、山蛩目、蜷马陆目和球马陆目中的千足虫产生的有毒防御性分泌物对大多数脊椎动物和无脊椎动物天敌具有很强的驱避作用，但一些昆虫已经进化出克服这些防御的机制。我们证明，物种丰富的马陆寄生蚤蝇属中高度特化的寄生蚤蝇利用千足虫挥发性防御化合物作为寄主定位的利它素。在姬马陆防御混合物中的两种主要醌类成分中，仅2-甲氧基-3-甲基-1,4-苯醌就足以吸引两性成年蝇；然而，2-甲氧基-3-甲基-1,4-苯醌和2-甲基-1,4-苯醌的组合使吸引力增加了近三倍。我们进一步讨论了产卵行为、成虫和幼虫的食性、生活史参数，以及马陆寄生蚤蝇属中的蚤蝇与其他与千足虫相关的昆虫之间潜在的竞争相互作用。
