Stenlid Jan, Oliva Jonàs
Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016 Dec 5;371(1709). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0455.
Invasive pathogens can cause considerable damage to forest ecosystems. Lack of coevolution is generally thought to enable invasive pathogens to bypass the defence and/or recognition systems in the host. Although mostly true, this argument fails to predict intermittent outcomes in space and time, underlining the need to include the roles of the environment and the phenotype in host-pathogen interactions when predicting disease impacts. We emphasize the need to consider host-tree imbalances from a phenotypic perspective, considering the lack of coevolutionary and evolutionary history with the pathogen and the environment, respectively. We describe how phenotypic plasticity and plastic responses to environmental shifts may become maladaptive when hosts are faced with novel pathogens. The lack of host-pathogen and environmental coevolution are aligned with two global processes currently driving forest damage: globalization and climate change, respectively. We suggest that globalization and climate change act synergistically, increasing the chances of both genotypic and phenotypic imbalances. Short moves on the same continent are more likely to be in balance than if the move is from another part of the world. We use Gremmeniella abietina outbreaks in Sweden to exemplify how host-pathogen phenotypic interactions can help to predict the impacts of specific invasive and emergent diseases.This article is part of the themed issue 'Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience'.
入侵性病原体可对森林生态系统造成相当大的破坏。人们普遍认为，缺乏协同进化使得入侵性病原体能够绕过宿主的防御和/或识别系统。尽管这一观点大多情况下是正确的，但它无法预测在空间和时间上的间歇性结果，这凸显了在预测疾病影响时，需要考虑环境和表型在宿主-病原体相互作用中的作用。鉴于宿主分别与病原体和环境缺乏协同进化和进化历史，我们强调有必要从表型角度考虑宿主-树木失衡问题。我们描述了宿主面对新病原体时，表型可塑性以及对环境变化的可塑性反应可能如何变得适应不良。宿主-病原体和环境缺乏协同进化分别与目前导致森林破坏的两个全球进程相关：全球化和气候变化。我们认为全球化和气候变化协同作用，增加了基因型和表型失衡的可能性。在同一大陆上的短距离迁移比从世界其他地区迁移更有可能保持平衡。我们以瑞典的冷杉叶枯病菌爆发为例，说明宿主-病原体表型相互作用如何有助于预测特定入侵性和新出现疾病的影响。本文是主题为“应对真菌对动物健康、粮食安全和生态系统恢复力的新威胁”特刊的一部分。
