The impact on women's health and the cervical cancer screening budget of primary HPV screening with dual-stain cytology triage in Belgium.

Dual stain cytology, or "diagnostic cytology", offers a significant increase in sensitivity compared to cytology, with a slight decrease in specificity. This can reduce additional investigations like colposcopies, biopsies, and follow-up visits. Cervical cancer screening for women between 25 and 65 years of age with diagnostic cytology is estimated to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by 36% and reduce annual cervical cancer mortalities by 40%. The reduced number of screening visits and the decrease in incidence and mortality will improve quality of life. In this article, a model was created to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic cytology for Belgium. In this approach, precancerous cells are more likely to be immediately identified during the first screening visit. This reduces both the number and frequency of follow-up visits required. After two cycles (6 years), the prevalence of CIN and cervical cancer is decreased significantly in the screened population. At a population level, these shifts can reduce the screening budget by 21%, resulting in savings of 5.3 million euro a year in Belgium. Diagnostic cytology benefits all stakeholders involved in cervical cancer screening.