In situ denitrification and DNRA rates in groundwater beneath an integrated constructed wetland.

Evaluation of the environmental benefits of constructed wetlands (CWs) requires an understanding of their impacts on the groundwater quality under the wetlands. Empirical mass-balance (nitrogen in/nitrogen out) approaches for estimating nitrogen (N) removal in CWs do not characterise the final fate of N; where nitrate (NO-N) could be reduced to either ammonium (NH-N) or N with the potential for significant production of NO. Herein, in situ denitrification and DNRA (dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium) rates were measured in groundwater beneath cells of an earthen lined integrated constructed wetland (ICW, used to remove the nutrients from municipal wastewater) using the N-enriched NO-N push-pull method. Experiments were conducted utilising replicated (n = 3) shallow (1 m depth) and deep (4 m depth) piezometers installed along two control planes. These control planes allowed for the assessment of groundwater underlying high (Cell 2, septic tank waste) and low (Cell 3) load cells of the ICW. Background piezometers were also installed off-site. Results showed that denitrification (NO-N + N-N) and DNRA were major NO-N consumption processes accounting together for 54-79% of the total biochemical consumption of the applied NO-N. Of which 14-16% and 40-63% were consumed by denitrification and DNRA, respectively. Both processes differed significantly across ICW cells indicating that N transformation depends on nutrient loading rates and were significantly higher in shallow compared to the deep groundwater. In such a reduced environment (low dissolved oxygen and low redox potential), higher DNRA over the denitrification rate can be attributed to the high C concentration and high TC/NO-N ratio. Low pH (6.5-7.1) in this system might have limited denitrification to some extent to an incomplete state, evidenced by a high NO-N/(NO-N+N-N) ratio (0.35 ± 0.17, SE). A relatively higher NO-N/(NO-N+N-N) ratio and higher DNRA rate over denitrification, suggest that the end products of N transformations are reactive. This NO can be consumed to N and/or emitted to the atmosphere. The DNRA rate and accumulation of NH-N indicated that the ICW created a suitable groundwater biogeochemical environment that enhanced NO-N reduction to NH-N. This study showed that CWs significantly influence NO-N attenuation to reactive forms of N in the groundwater beneath them and that solely focusing on within wetland NO-N attenuation can underestimate the environmental benefits of wetlands.