Al-Jumaili Ali A, Hussein Ahmed H, Al-Rekabi Mohammed D, Raheem Saba A, Ernst Erika J
Pharmacy Practice and Science Department, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Humanity Studies University College, Al-Najaf, Iraq.
Int J Pharm Pract. 2017 Feb;25(1):81-88. doi: 10.1111/ijpp.12338.
The aims were to calculate total systemic antibiotic consumption and cost in both public and private sectors in all care settings in Al-Najaf province, Iraq, during 2012, recognize the percentage of each pharmacological class for the dispensed antibiotics and identify oral and parenteral antibiotic percentages dispensed and the portions manufactured nationally and imported.
Cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Najaf to calculate the total cost and quantities of antibiotics consumed during 2012 using World Health Organization Guidelines for Defined Daily Dose (DDD).
The results showed more than 21 million DDDs were dispensed in Al-Najaf in one year, and more than half (54.2%) were dispensed by governmental healthcare institutions. A thousand inhabitants in the province consumed 45.26 DDDs per day. Extended-spectrum (34.49%) and combined penicillins (26.08%) were the most frequently consumed while meropenem was the least frequently consumed (0.02%). Ninety-five per cent of the consumed antibiotics were oral dosage forms, and five per cent were parenteral dosage forms. The total cost of antibiotic consumed was more than nine million U.S dollars.
The antibiotic consumption ratio in this province was comparable to neighbouring countries, but far higher compared to European countries. Penicillins, cephalosporins and quinolones were the most popular antibiotics. Around half of the antibiotics consumed were made by national pharmaceutical companies that mainly produce oral antibiotics. The public sector consumed a higher portion, but spent a lower amount compared to private sectors. This is the first time report of antibiotic consumption in Iraq. More studies evaluating antibiotic consumption can improve utilization.
旨在计算2012年伊拉克纳杰夫省所有医疗机构中公共部门和私营部门全身用抗生素的总消耗量及成本，确定所配发抗生素中各药理学类别的占比，明确口服和注射用抗生素的配发占比以及国产和进口抗生素的比例。
在纳杰夫进行横断面研究，采用世界卫生组织规定日剂量（DDD）指南计算2012年抗生素的总成本和消耗量。
结果显示，纳杰夫一年配发的DDD超过2100万，其中一半以上（54.2%）由政府医疗机构配发。该省每千名居民每天消耗45.26个DDD。广谱抗生素（34.49%）和复合青霉素（26.08%）是最常消耗的，而美罗培南消耗最少（0.02%）。所消耗抗生素的95%为口服剂型，5%为注射剂型。抗生素消耗的总成本超过900万美元。
该省的抗生素消耗率与邻国相当，但与欧洲国家相比要高得多。青霉素、头孢菌素和喹诺酮类是最常用的抗生素。所消耗的抗生素约一半由主要生产口服抗生素的国内制药公司生产。公共部门消耗的比例更高，但与私营部门相比支出较低。这是伊拉克首次报告抗生素消耗情况。更多评估抗生素消耗的研究有助于提高其利用率。
