Dagsson-Waldhauserova Pavla, Arnalds Olafur, Olafsson Haraldur
a Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland.
b Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Iceland , Hvanneyri , Borgarnes , Iceland.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2017 Feb;67(2):173-181. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2013.805703.
Iceland is a volcanic island in the North Atlantic Ocean with maritime climate. In spite of moist climate, large areas are with limited vegetation cover where >40% of Iceland is classified with considerable to very severe erosion and 21% of Iceland is volcanic sandy deserts. Not only do natural emissions from these sources influenced by strong winds affect regional air quality in Iceland ("Reykjavik haze"), but dust particles are transported over the Atlantic ocean and Arctic Ocean >1000 km at times. The aim of this paper is to place Icelandic dust production area into international perspective, present long-term frequency of dust storm events in northeast Iceland, and estimate dust aerosol concentrations during reported dust events. Meteorological observations with dust presence codes and related visibility were used to identify the frequency and the long-term changes in dust production in northeast Iceland. There were annually 16.4 days on average with reported dust observations on weather stations within the northeastern erosion area, indicating extreme dust plume activity and erosion within the northeastern deserts, even though the area is covered with snow during the major part of winter. During the 2000s the highest occurrence of dust events in six decades was reported. We have measured saltation and Aeolian transport during dust/volcanic ash storms in Iceland, which give some of the most intense wind erosion events ever measured. Icelandic dust affects the ecosystems over much of Iceland and causes regional haze. It is likely to affect the ecosystems of the oceans around Iceland, and it brings dust that lowers the albedo of the Icelandic glaciers, increasing melt-off due to global warming. The study indicates that Icelandic dust may contribute to the Arctic air pollution.
Long-term records of meteorological dust observations from Northeast Iceland indicate the frequency of dust events from Icelandic deserts. The research involves a 60-year period and provides a unique perspective of the dust aerosol production from natural sources in the sub-Arctic Iceland. The amounts are staggering, and with this paper, it is clear that Icelandic dust sources need to be considered among major global dust sources. This paper presents the dust events directly affecting the air quality in the Arctic region.
冰岛是北大西洋中的一个火山岛，属海洋性气候。尽管气候湿润，但大片地区植被覆盖有限，冰岛超过40%的区域被归类为中度至非常严重的侵蚀区，21%的区域是火山沙地沙漠。这些受强风影响的自然排放源不仅影响冰岛的区域空气质量（“雷克雅未克雾霾”），而且尘埃颗粒有时会被输送到超过1000公里外的大西洋和北冰洋上空。本文的目的是将冰岛的沙尘产生区域置于国际视角下，呈现冰岛东北部沙尘暴事件的长期发生频率，并估算报告的沙尘事件期间的沙尘气溶胶浓度。利用带有沙尘出现代码和相关能见度的气象观测数据来确定冰岛东北部沙尘产生的频率和长期变化。在东北部侵蚀区内的气象站，平均每年有16.4天报告有沙尘观测记录，这表明东北部沙漠地区存在极端的沙尘羽流活动和侵蚀现象，尽管该地区在冬季的大部分时间都被积雪覆盖。在21世纪，报告了六十年来沙尘事件的最高发生率。我们在冰岛的沙尘/火山灰风暴期间测量了跃移和风沙输运情况，这些是有记录以来一些最强烈的风蚀事件。冰岛沙尘影响着冰岛大部分地区的生态系统，并造成区域雾霾。它很可能影响冰岛周边海洋的生态系统，还带来尘埃，降低了冰岛冰川的反照率，因全球变暖而增加了融冰量。该研究表明冰岛沙尘可能会加剧北极地区的空气污染。
冰岛东北部气象沙尘观测的长期记录表明了冰岛沙漠沙尘事件的频率。该研究涵盖了60年的时间，提供了一个关于亚北极冰岛自然源沙尘气溶胶产生的独特视角。其数量惊人，通过本文可以明确，冰岛的沙尘源需要被视为全球主要沙尘源之一。本文介绍了直接影响北极地区空气质量的沙尘事件。
