Barnett Adrian A, Silla João M, de Oliveira Tadeu, Boyle Sarah A, Bezerra Bruna M, Spironello Wilson R, Setz Eleonore Z F, da Silva Rafaela F Soares, de Albuquerque Teixeira Samara, Todd Lucy M, Pinto Liliam P
Nucleo de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil.
Long-term Ecological Research Program, INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
Primates. 2017 Apr;58(2):353-360. doi: 10.1007/s10329-017-0596-9. Epub 2017 Jan 23.
Although primate predation is rarely observed, a series of primate anti-predation strategies have been described. Energetic costs of such strategies can vary from high-cost mobbing, via less costly alarm calling, to low-cost furtive concealment. Here we report the anti-predation strategies of red-nosed cuxiú, Chiropotes albinasus, based on direct observations from four study sites in southeastern Brazilian Amazonia. Over a collective period of 1255 fieldwork hours, we observed nine direct interactions between raptors (all potential predators) and red-nosed cuxiús. Of these, one (11%) resulted in predation. Raptors involved were: Harpia harpyja (four events), Leucopternis sp. (two events), Spizaëtus tyrannus (one event), and unidentified large raptors (two events). Predation attempts occurred in flooded-forest and terra firme rainforest, were directed at both adult and non-adult cuxiús, and involved both adult and juvenile raptors. Anti-predation strategies adopted by the cuxiús included: (1) group defence and mobbing behaviour (two occasions), (2) dropping into dense sub-canopy (seven occasions), (3) alarm calling (eight occasions), and (4) fleeing to, and hiding in, dense vegetation (eight occasions). During each encounter at least two of these behaviours were recorded. These are the first published records of predation, predation attempts, and anti-predator behaviour involving red-nosed cuxiú.
尽管很少观察到灵长类动物被捕食的情况，但已经描述了一系列灵长类动物的反捕食策略。这些策略的能量消耗各不相同，从高成本的围攻，到成本较低的警报呼叫，再到低成本的偷偷隐藏。在这里，我们根据对巴西亚马逊东南部四个研究地点的直接观察，报告红鼻狐尾猴（Chiropotes albinasus）的反捕食策略。在总共1255个野外工作小时中，我们观察到猛禽（所有潜在捕食者）与红鼻狐尾猴之间的九次直接互动。其中，一次（11%）导致了捕食。涉及的猛禽有：哈佩角雕（Harpia harpyja，四次事件）、白翅鹰属（Leucopternis sp.，两次事件）、凤头鹰（Spizaëtus tyrannus，一次事件）和未识别的大型猛禽（两次事件）。捕食尝试发生在水淹森林和陆地雨林中，目标包括成年和未成年狐尾猴，涉及成年和幼年猛禽。狐尾猴采取的反捕食策略包括：（1）群体防御和围攻行为（两次），（2）掉入茂密的亚冠层（七次），（3）警报呼叫（八次），以及（4）逃到茂密植被中并藏身其中（八次）。在每次遭遇中，至少记录到了其中两种行为。这些是关于红鼻狐尾猴捕食、捕食尝试和反捕食行为的首次发表记录。
