The gastrointestinal tract: properties and role in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The GI-tract is a major target for both the intensive chemo and/or radiotherapy conditioning as well as for GVHD and therefore is closely associated with transplant outcome. Apart from being a target, the GI-tract is also a mediator and therefore is also a key player of the pathogenetic process following allogeneic transplantation. Areas covered: The intestinal homeostasis is regulated through complicated interactions between the key players of this process which are the intestinal epithelium, the intestinal immune system, and the intestinal microbiota. A brief description of these elements, based on published english-language articles in PubMed, as well as their role during the process of allo-HSCT is discussed in this review. Expert commentary: Data on GI-tract properties suggest a central role for the intestine in regulation of immunity, both in healthy - steady state conditions and in pathological states such as during allo-HSCT. Given the fact that in the allogeneic transplant setting severe complications such as infections and GVHD are limiting this treatment modality, understanding the mechanisms that mediate intestinal homeostasis could lead to new preventive methods and improved outcomes.