Calabrese E J, Barnes R, Stanek E J, Pastides H, Gilbert C E, Veneman P, Wang X R, Lasztity A, Kostecki P T
Division of Public Health, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1989 Oct;10(2):123-37. doi: 10.1016/0273-2300(89)90019-6.
Sixty-four children aged 1-4 years were evaluated for the extent to which they ingest soil. The study followed the soil tracer methodology of S. Binder, D. Sokal, and D. Maughan (1986, Arch. Environ. Health, 41, 341-345). However, the present study included a number of modifications from the Binder et al. study. The principal new features were (1) increasing the tracer elements from three to eight; (2) using a mass-balance approach so that the contribution of food and medicine ingestion would be considered; (3) extending the period of observation from 3 days to 8 days; and (4) validating the methodology by having adult volunteers ingest known amounts of soil in a mass-balance validation study. The principal findings reveal the following. (1) The adult study confirmed the validity of the tracer methodology to estimate soil ingestion. (2) Of the eight tracers employed in the adult study, only Al, Si, and Y provided sufficient recovery data that was directly acceptably stable and reliable. (3) If food ingestion determinations were taken into consideration, the median estimates of soil ingestion from the eight tracers ranged from a low of 9 mg/day (Y) to a high of 96 mg/day (V); the median values of Al, Si, and Y, the three most reliable tracers, ranged from 9 mg/day to 40 mg/day. (4) One child had soil ingestion values ranging from 5 to 8 g/day, depending on the tracer. (5) If food ingestion had not been considered, the estimates of soil ingestion would have increased about two- to sixfold, depending on the tracer with Ti and Y being most affected by food intake. (6) Since soil and dust samples did not significantly differ in their levels of tracer elements, no reliable differentiation between the contribution of ingestion of dust and soil could be made. (7) These findings are generally consistent with the previously reported findings of Binder et al. (1986) and P. Clausing, B. Brunekreff, and J.H. van Wijnen (1987, Int. Arch. Occup. Med., 59, 73) if these latter studies are corrected for ingestion of tracers in food and medicine. The findings also account for the apparent discrepancy between the estimates from Al and Si and estimates based on Ti in previous studies. Thus the elevated estimates of soil ingestion by Ti were substantially reduced when food ingestion is considered.
对64名1至4岁儿童的土壤摄入量进行了评估。该研究采用了S. 宾德、D. 索卡尔和D. 莫恩（1986年，《环境卫生档案》，41卷，341 - 345页）的土壤示踪剂方法。然而，本研究对宾德等人的研究进行了一些修改。主要的新特点包括：（1）将示踪元素从三种增加到八种；（2）采用质量平衡方法，以便考虑食物和药物摄入的贡献；（3）将观察期从3天延长到8天；（4）通过让成年志愿者在质量平衡验证研究中摄入已知量的土壤来验证该方法。主要研究结果如下。（1）成年研究证实了示踪剂方法用于估计土壤摄入量的有效性。（2）在成年研究中使用的八种示踪剂中，只有铝、硅和钇提供了足够的回收率数据，这些数据直接稳定且可靠。（3）如果考虑食物摄入量的测定，八种示踪剂对土壤摄入量的中位数估计值范围从低至9毫克/天（钇）到高至96毫克/天（钒）；三种最可靠的示踪剂铝、硅和钇的中位数范围从9毫克/天到40毫克/天。（4）一名儿童的土壤摄入量值根据示踪剂不同，在5至8克/天之间。（5）如果不考虑食物摄入，土壤摄入量的估计值将增加约两至六倍，具体取决于示踪剂，其中钛和钇受食物摄入量影响最大。（6）由于土壤和灰尘样本的示踪元素水平没有显著差异，因此无法可靠地区分灰尘和土壤摄入的贡献。（7）如果对宾德等人（1986年）以及P. 克劳辛、B. 布鲁内克雷夫和J.H. 范维宁（1987年，《国际职业医学档案》，59卷，73页）先前报告的研究结果进行食物和药物中示踪剂摄入的校正，这些研究结果与本研究结果总体一致。这些发现也解释了先前研究中铝和硅的估计值与基于钛的估计值之间明显的差异。因此，当考虑食物摄入时，钛对土壤摄入量的高估大幅降低。
