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跨季节气候变化实验(CCASE):一种模拟季节性积雪覆盖生态系统未来气候的新方法。

Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE): A new method for simulating future climate in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems.

作者信息

Templer Pamela H, Reinmann Andrew B, Sanders-DeMott Rebecca, Sorensen Patrick O, Juice Stephanie M, Bowles Francis, Sofen Laura E, Harrison Jamie L, Halm Ian, Rustad Lindsey, Martin Mary E, Grant Nicholas

机构信息

Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

Research Designs, Lyme, New Hampshire, United States of America.

出版信息

PLoS One. 2017 Feb 16;12(2):e0171928. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171928. eCollection 2017.

Abstract

Climate models project an increase in mean annual air temperatures and a reduction in the depth and duration of winter snowpack for many mid and high latitude and high elevation seasonally snow-covered ecosystems over the next century. The combined effects of these changes in climate will lead to warmer soils in the growing season and increased frequency of soil freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) in winter due to the loss of a continuous, insulating snowpack. Previous experiments have warmed soils or removed snow via shoveling or with shelters to mimic projected declines in the winter snowpack. To our knowledge, no experiment has examined the interactive effects of declining snowpack and increased frequency of soil FTCs, combined with soil warming in the snow-free season on terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, none have mimicked directly the projected increase in soil FTC frequency in tall statured forests that is expected as a result of a loss of insulating snow in winter. We established the Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire in 2012 to assess the combined effects of these changes in climate on a variety of pedoclimate conditions, biogeochemical processes, and ecology of northern hardwood forests. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of creating soil FTC events in a tall statured ecosystem in winter to simulate the projected increase in soil FTC frequency over the next century and combines this projected change in winter climate with ecosystem warming throughout the snow-free season. Together, this experiment provides a new and more comprehensive approach for climate change experiments that can be adopted in other seasonally snow-covered ecosystems to simulate expected changes resulting from global air temperature rise.

摘要

气候模型预测,在接下来的一个世纪里,许多中高纬度和高海拔季节性积雪覆盖的生态系统的年平均气温将升高,冬季积雪深度和持续时间将减少。这些气候变化的综合影响将导致生长季节土壤变暖,并且由于连续的隔热积雪层的消失,冬季土壤冻融循环(FTCs)的频率增加。之前的实验通过铲雪或搭建遮蔽物来模拟预计的冬季积雪减少,从而使土壤变暖或去除积雪。据我们所知,没有实验研究过积雪减少、土壤FTC频率增加以及无雪季节土壤变暖对陆地生态系统的交互作用。此外,也没有实验直接模拟由于冬季隔热积雪消失而预计在高大森林中出现的土壤FTC频率增加。2012年,我们在新罕布什尔州怀特山脉的哈伯德布鲁克实验森林建立了跨季节气候变化实验(CCASE),以评估这些气候变化对各种土壤气候条件、生物地球化学过程以及北方硬木森林生态的综合影响。本文展示了在冬季高大生态系统中制造土壤FTC事件以模拟下个世纪预计的土壤FTC频率增加的可行性,并将冬季气候的这一预计变化与整个无雪季节的生态系统变暖相结合。总之,该实验为气候变化实验提供了一种新的、更全面的方法,可应用于其他季节性积雪覆盖的生态系统,以模拟全球气温上升导致的预期变化。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f105/5313155/1a93c3166b16/pone.0171928.g001.jpg

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