Ajani Penelope, Harwood D Tim, Murray Shauna A
Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
Cawthron Institute, The Wood, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
Mar Drugs. 2017 Feb 9;15(2):33. doi: 10.3390/md15020033.
Phycotoxins, which are produced by harmful microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web, are of growing concern for Australia. These harmful algae pose a threat to ecosystem and human health, as well as constraining the progress of aquaculture, one of the fastest growing food sectors in the world. With better monitoring, advanced analytical skills and an increase in microalgal expertise, many phycotoxins have been identified in Australian coastal waters in recent years. The most concerning of these toxins are ciguatoxin, paralytic shellfish toxins, okadaic acid and domoic acid, with palytoxin and karlotoxin increasing in significance. The potential for tetrodotoxin, maitotoxin and palytoxin to contaminate seafood is also of concern, warranting future investigation. The largest and most significant toxic bloom in Tasmania in 2012 resulted in an estimated total economic loss of~AUD$23M, indicating that there is an imperative to improve toxin and organism detection methods, clarify the toxin profiles of species of phytoplankton and carry out both intra- and inter-species toxicity comparisons. Future work also includes the application of rapid, real-time molecular assays for the detection of harmful species and toxin genes. This information, in conjunction with a better understanding of the life histories and ecology of harmful bloom species, may lead to more appropriate management of environmental, health and economic resources.
藻毒素由有害微藻产生,并在海洋食物网中生物累积,这在澳大利亚引发了越来越多的关注。这些有害藻类对生态系统和人类健康构成威胁,同时也制约着水产养殖的发展,而水产养殖是全球发展最快的食品行业之一。随着监测水平的提高、先进分析技术的应用以及微藻专业知识的增加,近年来在澳大利亚沿海水域已鉴定出多种藻毒素。其中最令人担忧的毒素是雪卡毒素、麻痹性贝类毒素、冈田酸和软骨藻酸,而岩沙海葵毒素和卡罗毒素的重要性也在增加。河豚毒素、 maitotoxin和岩沙海葵毒素污染海产品的可能性也受到关注,值得未来开展调查。2012年塔斯马尼亚发生了规模最大、影响最严重的有毒藻华,估计造成的经济损失总计约2300万澳元,这表明必须改进毒素和生物体检测方法,明确浮游植物物种的毒素谱,并进行种内和种间毒性比较。未来的工作还包括应用快速、实时分子检测方法来检测有害物种和毒素基因。这些信息,再加上对有害藻华物种生活史和生态学的更深入了解,可能会带来对环境、健康和经济资源更恰当的管理。