Program in Public Health & Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
Department of Sociology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Sociology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2017 Apr;178:78-86. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.019. Epub 2017 Jan 22.
Research has recently suggested that retirement may decrease cognitive engagement, resulting in cognitive aging. Few studies have systematically documented whether or how selectivity into retirement shapes the relationship between retirement and cognitive aging.
We draw on data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2012) to examine the relationship between cognition and retirement for 18,575 labor force participants. Longitudinal regression discontinuity modeling was used to examine performance and decline in episodic memory. Models differentiated three forms of selection bias: indirect and direct selection as well as reverse causation. To further interrogate the disuse hypothesis, we adjust for confounding from health and socioeconomic sources.
Results revealed that individuals who retired over the course of the panel were substantially different in terms of health, wealth and cognition when compared to those who remained employed. However, accounting for observed selection biases, significant associations were found linking longer retirement with more rapid cognitive decline.
This study examined respondents who were in the labor force at baseline and transitioned into retirement. Analyses suggested that those who retired over the course of the panel had worse overall functioning, but also experienced more rapid declines after retirement that increased the rate of aging by two-fold, resulting in yearly losses of 3.7% (95% CI = [3.5, 4.0]) of one standard deviation in functioning attributable to retirement. Results are supportive of the view that retirement is associated with more rapid cognitive aging.
最近的研究表明，退休可能会降低认知参与度，从而导致认知老化。很少有研究系统地记录退休对退休与认知老化之间关系的影响。
我们利用来自健康与退休研究（1998-2012 年）的数据，对 18575 名劳动力参与者的认知与退休之间的关系进行了研究。使用纵向回归不连续性模型来检查情景记忆的表现和下降。模型区分了三种选择偏差：间接选择、直接选择和反向因果关系。为了进一步探究不用假设，我们调整了健康和社会经济来源的混杂因素。
结果表明，与那些仍在职的人相比，在整个面板期间退休的人在健康、财富和认知方面存在显著差异。然而，考虑到观察到的选择偏差，与退休时间较长与认知衰退较快显著相关。
本研究调查了基线时处于劳动力中的受访者，并过渡到退休状态。分析表明，在整个面板期间退休的人整体功能较差，但退休后经历了更快的衰退，使老化速度增加了两倍，导致每年因退休而导致功能下降 3.7%（95%CI [3.5, 4.0]），归因于退休的一个标准差。结果支持这样一种观点，即退休与认知老化较快有关。
