Pal Souvik, Mukherjee Subhankar, Bhattacharyya Nabarun
Agri and Environmental Electronics (AEE) Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal-700091 (IN). India.
Recent Pat Biotechnol. 2017;11(3):204-217. doi: 10.2174/1872208311666170220121535.
Non-degradable and persistent nature of Cadmium (Cd) poses high toxicity to human, plants and animals. Several industrial processes generated wastes are the main anthropogenic pathway through which Cd enters into the environment. Although, World Health Organization (WHO) has set the limit of Cd in drinking water is 0.005 mg L-1, the industrial activities release much higher concentrations of metal ions to the water stream than the prescribed limits, which leads to the increasing health hazards and environmental pollution.
To address this issue, one of the major applicable solutions is the treatment or purification of contaminated water and effluents. The implantation of wastewater treatment systems aims to minimize environmental impacts, but ultimately generates waste materials, such as sewage sludge, which must be properly recycled.
In this review, we focus on the research efforts being made towards the removal of Cd (II) from waste waters using biological means with a special emphasis on the microorganism and agricultural based biosorbents.
Mechanistic pathway towards removal of Cd (II) ions from the wastewater, efficiency of the adsorbents and the factors affecting the process have been studied with specific examples. Also the recent patents related to this area have been taken into considerations to understand applicability of microorganism and agricultural based biosorbents.
This overview presents various scientific reports towards low-cost microorganism and agricultural based biosorbents for efficient removal of Cd (II) by producing less toxic waste and the future perspective of the process.
镉（Cd）的不可降解性和持久性对人类、植物和动物具有高毒性。几个工业过程产生的废物是镉进入环境的主要人为途径。尽管世界卫生组织（WHO）已将饮用水中镉的限量设定为0.005毫克/升，但工业活动向水流中释放的金属离子浓度远高于规定限值，这导致健康危害增加和环境污染。
为解决这一问题，主要适用的解决方案之一是处理或净化受污染的水和废水。废水处理系统的植入旨在尽量减少环境影响，但最终会产生废料，如污水污泥，必须对其进行妥善回收。
在本综述中，我们重点关注利用生物手段从废水中去除镉（II）的研究工作，特别强调微生物和基于农业的生物吸附剂。
通过具体实例研究了从废水中去除镉（II）离子的机理途径、吸附剂的效率以及影响该过程的因素。还考虑了该领域的最新专利，以了解微生物和基于农业的生物吸附剂的适用性。
本综述介绍了各种科学报告，涉及用于高效去除镉（II）的低成本微生物和基于农业的生物吸附剂，这些吸附剂产生的有毒废物较少，以及该过程的未来前景。
