Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017 Mar;25 Suppl 1:S26-S38. doi: 10.1002/oby.21770.
Appetite regulation is influenced by the environment, and the environment is shaped by food-related policies. This review summarizes the environment and policy research portion of an NIH Workshop (Bethesda, MD, 2015) titled "Self-Regulation of Appetite-It's Complicated."
In this paper, we begin by making the case for why policy is an important tool in efforts to improve nutrition, and we introduce an ecological framework that illustrates the multiple layers that influence what people eat. We describe the state of the science on how policies influence behavior in several key areas: the federal food programs, schools, child care, food and beverage pricing, marketing to youth, behavioral economics, and changing defaults. Next, we propose novel approaches for multidisciplinary prevention and intervention strategies to promote breastfeeding, and examine interactions between psychology and the environment.
Policy and environmental change are the most distal influences on individual-level appetite regulation, yet these strategies can reach many people at once by changing the environment in which food choices are made. We note the need for more research to understand compensatory behavior, reactance, and how to effectively change social norms.
To move forward, we need a more sophisticated understanding of how individual psychological and biological factors interact with the environment and policy influences.
食欲调节受环境影响，而环境又由与食物相关的政策塑造。本综述总结了美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）研讨会（马里兰州贝塞斯达，2015 年）“食欲的自我调节-错综复杂”部分的环境和政策研究。
在本文中，我们首先说明为什么政策是改善营养的重要工具，并介绍了一个生态框架，说明了影响人们饮食的多个层面。我们描述了政策在以下几个关键领域影响行为的科学现状：联邦食品计划、学校、儿童保育、食品和饮料定价、针对青年的营销、行为经济学以及改变默认设置。接下来，我们提出了促进母乳喂养的多学科预防和干预策略的新方法，并研究了心理学与环境之间的相互作用。
政策和环境变化是对个体食欲调节的最远距离影响，但这些策略可以通过改变做出食物选择的环境，同时影响许多人。我们注意到需要进行更多的研究，以了解补偿行为、抵触情绪以及如何有效地改变社会规范。
为了取得进展，我们需要更深入地了解个体心理和生物因素如何与环境和政策影响相互作用。
