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肌动蛋白之谜或神秘的肌动蛋白:最丰富的真核生物蛋白质的折叠、结构与功能

Actinous enigma or enigmatic actin: Folding, structure, and functions of the most abundant eukaryotic protein.

作者信息

Povarova Olga I, Uversky Vladimir N, Kuznetsova Irina M, Turoverov Konstantin K

机构信息

Laboratory of structural dynamics, stability, and folding of proteins; Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia.

Laboratory of structural dynamics, stability, and folding of proteins; Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino, Russia; Biology Department; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

出版信息

Intrinsically Disord Proteins. 2014 Aug 15;2(1):e34500. doi: 10.4161/idp.34500. eCollection 2014.

Abstract

Being the most abundant protein of the eukaryotic cell, actin continues to keep its secrets for more than 60 years. Everything about this protein, its structure, functions, and folding, is mysteriously counterintuitive, and this review represents an attempt to solve some of the riddles and conundrums commonly found in the field of actin research. In fact, actin is a promiscuous binder with a wide spectrum of biological activities. It can exist in at least three structural forms, globular, fibrillar, and inactive (G-, F-, and I-actin, respectively). G-actin represents a thermodynamically instable, quasi-stationary state, which is formed in vivo as a result of the energy-intensive, complex posttranslational folding events controlled and driven by cellular folding machinery. The G-actin structure is dependent on the ATP and Mg binding (which in vitro is typically substituted by Ca) and protein is easily converted to the I-actin by the removal of metal ions and by action of various denaturing agents (pH, temperature, and chemical denaturants). I-actin cannot be converted back to the G-form. Foldable and "natively folded" forms of actin are always involved in interactions either with the specific protein partners, such as Hsp70 chaperone, prefoldin, and the CCT chaperonin during the actin folding in vivo or with Mg and ATP as it takes place in the G-form. We emphasize that the solutions for the mysteries of actin multifunctionality, multistructurality, and trapped unfolding can be found in the quasi-stationary nature of this enigmatic protein, which clearly possesses many features attributed to both globular and intrinsically disordered proteins.

摘要

作为真核细胞中含量最丰富的蛋白质,肌动蛋白在60多年来一直深藏奥秘。关于这种蛋白质的一切,其结构、功能和折叠方式,都有着令人费解的反直觉特性,而这篇综述旨在尝试解开肌动蛋白研究领域中一些常见的谜题和难题。事实上,肌动蛋白是一种具有多种生物活性的杂乱结合蛋白。它至少可以以三种结构形式存在,即球状、纤维状和无活性形式(分别为G-肌动蛋白、F-肌动蛋白和I-肌动蛋白)。G-肌动蛋白代表一种热力学不稳定的准稳态,它是在体内由细胞折叠机制控制和驱动的能量密集型复杂翻译后折叠事件形成的。G-肌动蛋白的结构依赖于ATP和镁离子的结合(在体外通常被钙离子取代),并且通过去除金属离子以及各种变性剂(pH值、温度和化学变性剂)的作用,蛋白质很容易转化为I-肌动蛋白。I-肌动蛋白不能再转化回G-形式。可折叠和“天然折叠”形式的肌动蛋白在体内肌动蛋白折叠过程中总是与特定的蛋白质伴侣相互作用,例如Hsp70伴侣蛋白、前折叠蛋白和CCT伴侣蛋白,或者在以G-形式存在时与镁离子和ATP相互作用。我们强调,肌动蛋白多功能性、多结构性和被困解折叠之谜的答案可以在这种神秘蛋白质的准稳态性质中找到,它显然具有许多球状蛋白和内在无序蛋白的特征。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/bb00/5314930/d456ebc2baf5/kidp-02-01-984016-g001.jpg

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