Inter-seasonal and spatial distribution of ground-level greenhouse gases (CO, CH, NO) over Nagpur in India and their management roadmap.

Ground-level concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO), methane (CH), and nitrous oxide (NO) were monitored over three seasons, i.e., post-monsoon (September-October), winter (January-February), and summer (May-June) for 1 year during 2013-2014 in Nagpur City in India. The selected gases had moderate to high variation both spatially (residential, commercial, traffic intersections, residential cum commercial sites) and temporally (at 7:00, 13:00, 18:00, and 23:00 hours in all three seasons). Concentrations of gases were randomly distributed diurnally over city in all seasons, and there was no specific increasing or decreasing trend with time in a day. Average CO and NO concentrations in winter were higher over post-monsoon and summer while CH had highest average concentration in summer. Observed concentrations of CO were predominantly above global average of 400 ppmv while NO and CH concentrations frequently dropped down below global average of 327 ppbv and 1.8 ppmv, respectively. Two-tailed Student's t test indicated that post-monsoon CO concentrations were statistically different from summer but not so from winter, while difference between summer and winter concentrations was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CH concentrations in all seasons were statistically at par to each other. In case of NO, concentrations in post-monsoon were statistically different from summer but not so from winter, while difference between summer and winter concentrations was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Average ground-level concentrations of the gases calculated for three seasons together were higher in commercial areas. Environmental management priorities vis a vis greenhouse gas emissions in the city are also discussed.